Graphical Representations of Reaction Order Reaction Order Using Concentration-Time Graphs In a zero-order reaction, the concentration of the reactant is inversely proportional to time This means t...
Rate Constants The rate constant, (k), of a reaction can be calculated using the initial rates and the rate equation Calculating the rate constant from the initial rate The reaction of sodium carbo...
Rate Equations The rate of reaction can be found by: Measuring the decrease in the concentration of a reactant over time Measuring the increase in the concentration of a product over time The unit...
Free Energy & Equilibrium When ΔG < 0 for a reaction at constant temperature and pressure, the reaction is spontaneous When a reversible reaction reaches equilibrium, the Gibbs free energy i...
Spontaneous Reactions Gibbs free energy provides an effective way of focusing on a reaction system at constant temperature and pressure to determine its spontaneity For a reaction to be spontaneous...
Gibbs Free Energy Change Gibbs free energy The feasibility of a reaction is determined by two factors, the enthalpy change and the [popover id="F7rfknVfbfcSJVkN" label='entropy change'] The two fa...
Calculating Standard Entropy Change The standard molar enthalpy values, Sꝋ, relate to standard conditions of temperature and pressure The entropy change, ΔSꝋ, can be calculated from thermodynamic d...
Entropy Entropy You may have wondered why it is that endothermic reactions occur at all, after all, what can be the driving force behind endothermic reactions if the products end up in a less stabl...
Measuring Energy Changes in the Lab Enthalpies of Solution Calorimetry can be used to find the energy change in chemical reactions. This is much easier to carry out in aqueous solutions We can take...
