Hess's Law using Cycles There are two common methods to solving Hess's Law problems, using cycles and using equations To be successful in using cycles you need to follow carefully a step-by-step pl...
Hess's Law In 1840, the Russian chemist Germain Hess formulated a law which went on to be known as Hess’s Law This went on to form the basis of one of the laws of thermodynamics. The first law of t...
Calorimetry Experiments There are two types of calorimetry experiments you need to know for IB Chemistry: Enthalpy changes of reactions in solution Enthalpy changes of combustion In both cases you ...
Calorimetry Measuring enthalpy changes Calorimetry is a technique used to measure changes in enthalpy of chemical reactions A calorimeter can be made up of a polystyrene drinking cup, a vacuum flas...
Standard Enthalpy Change Standard conditions To compare the changes in enthalpy between reactions, all thermodynamic measurements are made under standard conditions These standard conditions are: A...
Temperature & Kinetic Energy What is the difference between heat and temperature? This can be illustrated using a beaker of boiling water and a pipette: The effects of boiling water can be quit...
Alloys Alloys are mixtures of metals, where the metals are mixed together physically but are not chemically combined They can also be made from metals mixed with nonmetals such as carbon Ions of th...
Trends in Melting Points of Metals The strength of electrostatic attraction can be increased by: Increasing the number of delocalised electrons per metal atom Increasing the positive charges on the...
Metallic Bonding Metal atoms are tightly packed together in lattice structures When the metal atoms are in lattice structures, the electrons in their outer shells are free to move throughout the st...
