Translation Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell After leaving the nucleus via a nuclear pore, the mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome In the cytoplasm there are free molecules of tRNA ...
Transcription A gene is a sequence of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule that codes for the production of a specific sequence of amino acids, that in turn make up a specific polypeptide (protein) T...
RNA: Structure Like DNA, the nucleic acid RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a polynucleotide – it is made up of many nucleotides linked together in a chain Like DNA, RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogenous...
DNA: Structure The nucleic acid DNA is a polynucleotide – it is made up of many nucleotides bonded together in a long chain DNA nucleotide DNA molecules are made up of two polynucleotide str...
Mononucleotides: Structure Both DNA and RNA are polymers that are made up of many repeating units called nucleotides Each nucleotide is formed from: A pentose sugar (a sugar with 5 carbon atoms) A ...
Osmosis All cells are surrounded by a cell surface membrane which is partially permeable Water can move in and out of cells across the cell surface membrane by a process called osmosis Osmosis is t...
Active Transport Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration Active transport requires en...
Diffusion & Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion is a type of transport that can occur across a cell membrane Note that diffusion can also happen within a cellular compartment; the presence of a mem...
Practical: Investigating Membrane Structure & Permeability The permeability of cell membranes is affected by several factors such as Temperature pH The effect of such factors on membrane struct...
