Stages of Respiration Glucose is broken down in stages, each of which consists of a series of chemical reactions These chemical reactions are controlled by intracellular enzymes that catalyses reac...
Respiration: An Overview Glucose is the main respiratory substrate used by cells Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down a respiratory substrate in order to produce ATP using oxygen The...
Sliding Filament Theory Structure of thick & thin filaments in a myofibril The thick filaments within a myofibril are made up of myosin molecules These are fibrous protein molecules with a glob...
Muscle Fibres: Structure Skeletal muscle makes up the muscles in the body that are attached to the skeleton Skeletal muscle is made up of muscle fibres A muscle fibre is a highly specialised cell-l...
Movement of the Skeleton The effective movement of the human body requires both muscle and an incompressible skeleton This is because muscles will only produce effective movement if they pull on a ...
Limiting Antibiotic Resistance Hospital acquired infections Infections that are contracted by a patient while in hospital are known as hospital acquired infections (HAIs) The transmission of HAIs i...
Types of Antibiotics When humans experience a bacterial infection, they are often prescribed antibiotics Antibiotics are chemical substances that damage bacterial cells with little or no harm to hu...
Evolutionary Race Between Pathogens & Host Vertebrates have evolved over millions of years to have immune systems that are capable of dealing with a wide range of different pathogens Pathogens,...
Types of Immunity Developing immunity The immune system is activated when a new antigen is encountered This launches a primary immune response consisting of a non-specific immune response followed ...
