Types of Antibiotics When humans experience a bacterial infection, they are often prescribed antibiotics Antibiotics are chemical substances that damage bacterial cells with little or no harm to hu...
Evolutionary Race Between Pathogens & Host Vertebrates have evolved over millions of years to have immune systems that are capable of dealing with a wide range of different pathogens Pathogens,...
Types of Immunity Developing immunity The immune system is activated when a new antigen is encountered This launches a primary immune response consisting of a non-specific immune response followed ...
Post-transcriptional Modification Antibody molecules consist primarily of protein They contain four separate polypeptide chains, two of which are longer, heavy chains, and two of which are shorter,...
B Cell Response B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a second type of white blood cell in the specific immune response B cells remain in the bone marrow as they mature, hence the B in their na...
T Cell Response T cells, sometimes known as T lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell involved with the specific immune response They are produced in the bone marrow and finish maturing in the ...
The Role of Antigens & Antibodies Antigens Every cell in the human body has markers on its cell surface membrane that identify it Microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses also have their own...
Non-specific Immune Responses There are two types of immune response in the body once a pathogen enters Non-specific This response is the same, regardless of the pathogen that invades the body Spec...
Entry Routes of Pathogens In order for pathogens to cause disease they need to enter the body There are four main ways in which pathogens can enter Broken skin This provides direct access to the ti...
