Ionisation & Excitation Ionisation of an atom is: The removal, or addition, of an electron from, or to, an atom when given sufficient energy Excitation of electrons is: When an electron ...
The Electronvolt The electronvolt is a unit which is commonly used to express very small energies This is because quantum energies tend to be much smaller than 1 Joule The electronvolt is de...
The Four Fundamental Interactions There are four fundamental interactions, or fundamental forces, that exist. These are: Gravity Electromagnetism Strong Nuclear (or Strong Interaction) Weak ...
Baryons & Mesons Hadrons Hadrons are the group of subatomic particles that are made up of quarks Therefore, hadrons can feel the strong nuclear force There are two classes of hadrons: Ba...
Atomic Structure The atoms of all elements are made up of three types of particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom while electrons ...
SI Base Quantities There is a seemingly endless number of units in Physics These can all be reduced to six base units from which every other unit can be derived These seven units are referre...
Random & Systematic Errors Measurements of quantities are made with the aim of finding the true value of that quantity In reality, it is impossible to obtain the true value of any quanti...
Required Practical 7 Required Practical 7: Measuring the rate of a reaction There are two ways to measure the rate of reaction By an initial rate method By a continuous monitoring method &nb...
Required Practical 11 Required Practical 11: Carry out simple test-tube reactions to identify transition metal ions in aqueous solution This practical covers a number of key laboratory skill...
