Investigating Risk Factors & the Incidence of Lung Disease A risk factor is any factor that correlates with (is linked to) an increased chance of suffering from a particular condition or...
The Effects of Pollution & Smoking on the Incidence of Lung Disease Exposure to pollution and smoking are well-known risk factors in relation to lung disease Environmental pollution sour...
The Effects of Lung Disease There are several disorders or diseases that can prevent lungs from functioning properly They can affect the structure of the alveolar walls (gas exchange surface...
Maths Skill: PVR The volume of air within the lungs of an individual will change depending on their level of activity When at rest, breathing is shallow and steady When exercising, breathing...
Ventilation & Gas Exchange Gas exchange in the lungs requires a concentration gradient Ventilation (mass flow of gases) in the lungs and the continuous flow of blood in the capillaries h...
The Alveolar Epithelium The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in a process of simple d...
Apparatus & Techniques: Three-way Taps Three-way taps can be used in conjunction with potometers and respirometers They allow for repeat readings to be taken easily, eliminating the need...
Apparatus & Techniques: Using an Optical Microscope Many biological structures are too small to be seen by the naked eye Optical microscopes are an invaluable tool for scientists as they...
Apparatus & Techniques: Dissection Dissections are a vital part of scientific research They allow for the internal structures of organs to be examined so that theories can be made about ...
