Ionisation Energies: Equations The second ionisation energy (IE2) is the energy required to remove the second mole of electrons from each +1 ion in a mole of gaseous +1 ions, to form one mol...
Ionisation Energies The Ionisation Energy (IE) of an element is the amount of energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms of an element to form one mole of...
Deducing the Electron Configuration The Periodic Table is split up into four main blocks depending on their electron configuration Elements can be classified as an s-block element, p-block e...
Electron Shells Shells The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called the electron configuration Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in principal energy levels or principal quantum ...
Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique It is the most useful instrument for accurate determination of the relative atomic mass of an element, b...
Subatomic Structure of Atoms & Ions The mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus, because the nucleus contains the heaviest subatomic particles (the neutrons and protons) The mass ...
Uses of Genetic Fingerprinting Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a common molecular biology technique used in most applications of gene technology, for example, DNA profiling (eg. identific...
Genetic Fingerprinting DNA can be collected from almost anywhere on the body, e.g. the root of a hair or saliva from a cup. After collection DNA must be prepared for gel electrophoresis so t...
Apparatus & Techniques: Gel Electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis is a technique used widely in the analysis of DNA, RNA and proteins During electrophoresis the molecules are separated acc...
