Volumetric Analysis REQUIRED PRACTICAL 1 Performing the Titration The key piece of equipment used in the titration is the burette Burettes are usually marked to a precision of 0.10 cm3 Since...
Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition Electrophilic addition Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions In an electrophilic addition reaction, two reactants form only one product So, elect...
Mechanism: Elimination In an elimination reaction, a small molecule is removed leaving behind an alkene This is another reaction of halogenoalkanes The halogenoalkanes are heated with ethano...
Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution A nucleophile is an electron-rich species that can donate a pair of electrons ‘Nucleophile’ means ‘nucleus/positive charge loving’ as nucleophiles are at...
Mechanism: Free Radical Substitution Chain reactions A free radical is a species with one (or more than one) unpaired electrons The diagram shows a free radical which has one unpaired electr...
Interpreting a Mass Spectrum Mass spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to identify unknown compounds The molecules in the small sample are bombarded with high energy electrons which ...
Elimination Reactions Elimination Reaction of Alcohols Alcohols can also undergo dehydration to form alkenes This is an example of an elimination reaction Elimination reactions involve a sma...
Combustion of Alcohols Combustion of alcohols Alcohols react with oxygen in the air when ignited and undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water alcohol + oxygen → carbon di...
Oxidation of Alcohols Oxidation of alcohols Primary alcohols can be oxidised to form aldehydes which can undergo further oxidation to form carboxylic acids Secondary alcohols can be oxidised to for...
