Rate of Reaction REQUIRED PRACTICAL 3 Factors which affect the rate of a chemical reaction During a reaction, the reactants are used up and changed into the products The rate of a chemical r...
Measurement of an Enthalpy Change REQUIRED PRACTICAL 2 Measuring enthalpy changes Calorimetry is a technique used to measure changes in enthalpy of chemical reactions A calorimeter can be ma...
Volumetric Analysis REQUIRED PRACTICAL 1 Performing the Titration The key piece of equipment used in the titration is the burette Burettes are usually marked to a precision of 0.10 cm3 Since...
Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition Electrophilic addition Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions In an electrophilic addition reaction, two reactants form only one product So, elect...
Mechanism: Elimination In an elimination reaction, a small molecule is removed leaving behind an alkene This is another reaction of halogenoalkanes The halogenoalkanes are heated with ethano...
Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution A nucleophile is an electron-rich species that can donate a pair of electrons ‘Nucleophile’ means ‘nucleus/positive charge loving’ as nucleophiles are at...
Mechanism: Free Radical Substitution Chain reactions A free radical is a species with one (or more than one) unpaired electrons The diagram shows a free radical which has one unpaired electr...
Interpreting a Mass Spectrum Mass spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to identify unknown compounds The molecules in the small sample are bombarded with high energy electrons which ...
Elimination Reactions Elimination Reaction of Alcohols Alcohols can also undergo dehydration to form alkenes This is an example of an elimination reaction Elimination reactions involve a sma...
