The Ionic Product of Water In all aqueous solutions, an equilibrium exists in water where a few water molecules dissociate into protons and hydroxide ions We can derive an equilibrium consta...
pH & [H⁺] The acidity of an aqueous solution depends on the number of H+ (H3O+) ions in solution The pH is defined as: pH = -log[H+] where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in m...
Fuel Cells A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell in which a fuel donates electrons at one electrode and oxygen gains electrons at the other electrode These cells are becoming more common in...
Lithium Cells Lithium ion cells power the laptop or mobile device you are probably reading this on The Noble Prize for Chemistry in 2019 was awarded to John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittin...
Commercial Cells Electrochemical cells can be used as a commercial source of electrical energy Cells can be non-rechargeable (irreversible), rechargeable or fuel cells Type of cells used in ...
Predicting Reactions Direction of electron flow The direction of electron flow can be determined by comparing the Eꝋ values of two half-cells in an electrochemical cell Cl2 (g) + 2e- ⇌ 2Cl- ...
Standard Electrode Potentials Standard electrode potential The position of equilibrium and therefore the electrode potential depends on factors such as: Temperature Pressure of gases Concent...
Changes in Temperature & Pressure We can apply Le Chatelier's Principle to gaseous equilibria in the same way it is applied to aqueous systems Here's a reminder of how the principle work...
Partial Pressure The partial pressure of a gas is the pressure it exerts in a mixture of gases if it occupied the container on its own Partial pressure is given the symbol p, so for a gas X,...
