Quaternary Ammonium Salts Quaternary ammonium salts are chemical analogues to ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, in which the hydrogens have been replaced by four alkyl groups They are very useful in...
Nucleophilic Addition–Elimination An important class of reactions that ammonia and amines undergo is nucleophilic substitution with acyl chlorides (or acid chlorides) and acid anhydrides The...
Nucleophilic Substitution The lone pair on the nitrogen atom in amines makes them good nucleophiles, just like ammonia When ammonia reacts with a haloalkane a nucleophilic substitution react...
Basic Properties The nitrogen atom in ammonia and amine molecules can accept a proton (H+ ion) They can therefore act as bases in aqueous solutions by donating its lone pair of electrons to ...
ALevel CS大纲里要求我们掌握抽象和分解的概念，事实上，历年真题里也有很多反应这两种方法的题目，抽象和分解也是我们解决问题的一种思路，那么什么是抽象？什么是分解呢？ 什么是抽象？ 抽象是指看问题时过滤调...
Friedel–Crafts Acylation Arenes are very stable compounds due to the delocalisation of π electrons in the ring This is because the negative charge is spread out over the molecule instead of ...
Nitration The electrophilic substitution reaction in arenes consists of three steps: Generation of an electrophile Electrophilic attack Regenerating aromaticity Mechanism of electroph...
在众多家长学生眼里，A-Level申英国，AP申美国，八竿子打不着。 好吧，说个留学过期冷知识：A-Level，IB，AP都可以英美同申。而且A-Level可以在部分美国大学换分~ 事实上，A-Level课程的作用非常大，在美国和AP课...
Manufacture of Aspirin Manufacture of Aspirin Acylation reactions have many uses, such as in the pharmaceutical and textile industries for making drugs, e.g. aspirin, and textiles, e.g. cell...
