Orders of Magnitude A quantity is an “order of magnitude” larger than another quantity if it is about ten times larger Similarly, two orders of magnitude would be 100 times larger, or 102 &n...
Powers of Ten Physical quantities can span a huge range of values For example, the diameter of an atom is about 10–10 m (0.0000000001 m), whereas the width of a galaxy may be about 1021 m (1...
Separation of species by TLC Required practical 12: Separation of species by thin-layer chromatography This practical covers two key laboratory skills use thin-layer or paper chromatography safely ...
Tollens' Reagent Testing Distinguishing Between Aldehydes & Ketones Weak oxidising agents can be used to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone The aldehyde will be oxidised to a c...
Preparation of an Ester This required practical covers the following mandatory skills use water bath or electric heater or sand bath for heating use laboratory apparatus for a variety of exp...
Reactions of Metal-Aqua Ions In this practical activity, test tube reactions of copper(II), iron(II), iron(III) and aluminium ions with three bases are investigated 10 drops of the metal-aqu...
Identifying Ions Testing for positive ions Simple test tube reactions can be done to identify the following positive ions: Group 2 ions (M2+) Ammonium ions (NH4+) If the sample to be ...
Autocatalysis Experiments Autocatalysis Experiment - Titration with sodium thiosulfate Autocatalysis occurs when one of the products catalyses the reaction Potassium manganate(VII) will reac...
Colorimetry & Complex Ions Colorimetry & Complex Ions Colorimetry can be used to measure the absorption of radiation using a colorimeter This uses a lamp as a source of white light, ...
