Vaccination to Control Disease With the exception of the great success story surrounding the eradication of Smallpox following a ten year global initiative in 1980 no other pathogen has been eradic...
How Vaccines Work A vaccine is a suspension of antigens that are intentionally put into the body to induce artificial active immunity. A specific immune response where antibodies are released by pl...
Types of Immunity Active immunity Active immunity is acquired when an antigen enters the body triggering a specific immune response (antibodies are produced) Active immunity is naturally acquired t...
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Diagnostic uses of monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies can be used diagnostically for: Pregnancy tests Diagnosing HIV Detecting the presence of pathogens such a...
The Hybridoma Method Monoclonal antibodies are artificially produced antibodies produced from a single B cell clone The hybridoma method is a method used to make monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) The me...
Antibodies: Structure & Functions Structure Antibodies are globular glycoproteins called immunoglobulins Antibodies have a quaternary structure (which is represented as Y-shaped), with two ‘hea...
Memory Cells & Long-Term Immunity During an immune response, B-lymphocytes form two types of cell: plasma cells and memory cells Memory cells form the basis of immunological memory – the cells ...
Primary Immune Response (Advanced) Lymphocytes are another type of white blood cell They play an important part in the specific immune response They are smaller than phagocytes They have a large nu...
Antigens, Self & Non-Self Every cell in the human body has markers that identify it Microorganisms (both pathogenic and non-pathogenic), such as bacteria and viruses, also have their own unique...
