CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.1.2 ATP
ATP: Universal Energy Currency Energy released during the reactions of respiration is transferred to the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ATP is a small and soluble molecule that provides a sh...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记12.1.1 Energy
The Need for Energy Living organisms are composed of cells, and within each cell, many activities and processes are constantly being carried out to maintain life Work in a living organism requires ...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.6 Vaccination to Control Disease
Vaccination to Control Disease With the exception of the great success story surrounding the eradication of Smallpox following a ten year global initiative in 1980 no other pathogen has been eradic...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.5 How Vaccines work
How Vaccines Work A vaccine is a suspension of antigens that are intentionally put into the body to induce artificial active immunity. A specific immune response where antibodies are released by pl...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.4 Types of Immunity
Types of Immunity Active immunity Active immunity is acquired when an antigen enters the body triggering a specific immune response (antibodies are produced) Active immunity is naturally acquired t...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.3 Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Diagnostic uses of monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies can be used diagnostically for: Pregnancy tests Diagnosing HIV Detecting the presence of pathogens such a...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.2 Making Monoclonal Antibodies
The Hybridoma Method Monoclonal antibodies are artificially produced antibodies produced from a single B cell clone The hybridoma method is a method used to make monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) The me...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.2.1 Antibodies
Antibodies: Structure & Functions Structure Antibodies are globular glycoproteins called immunoglobulins Antibodies have a quaternary structure (which is represented as Y-shaped), with two ‘hea...
CIE A Level Biology复习笔记11.1.4 Memory Cells & Immunity
Memory Cells & Long-Term Immunity During an immune response, B-lymphocytes form two types of cell: plasma cells and memory cells Memory cells form the basis of immunological memory – the cells ...
