Abscisic Acid & Stomatal Closure During times of water stress, the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is produced by plants to stimulate the closing of their stomata Certain environmental conditions c...
Guard Cells Structure of guard cells Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells Guard cells have the following features: Thick cell walls facing the air outside the leaf and the stoma Thin cell wa...
Stomata Plants carry out homeostasis – just like animals they need to maintain a constant internal environment For example, mesophyll cells in leaves require a constant supply of carbon dioxide for...
Test Strips & Biosensors Measuring urine glucose concentration People with diabetes cannot control their blood glucose concentration so that it remains within normal, safe limits The presence o...
The Control of Blood Glucose If the concentration of glucose in the blood decreases below a certain level, cells may not have enough glucose for respiration and may not be able to function normally...
Osmoregulation The control of the water potential of body fluids is known as osmoregulation Osmoregulation is a key part of homeostasis Specialised sensory neurones, known as osmoreceptors, monitor...
Formation of Urine in the Nephron The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney – the nephrons are responsible for the formation of urine The process of urine formation in the kidneys occurs in ...
Nephron Structure Each kidney contains thousands of tiny tubes, known as nephrons The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney – the nephrons are responsible for the formation of urine The loca...
Structure of the Human Kidney Humans have two kidneys The kidneys are responsible for carrying out two very important functions: As an osmoregulatory organ - they regulate the water content of the ...
