Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Halogenoalkanes Halogenoalkanes are much more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the electronegative halogens The halogen-carbon bond is polar causi...
Production of Halogenoalkanes: Substitution & Addition Reactions Halogenoalkanes are alkanes that have one or more halogens They can be produced from: Free-radical substitution of alkanes Elect...
Alkenes: Stability of Cations & Markovnikov's Rule Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms with only three covalent bonds instead of four There are three types of carbocations: primary...
Alkenes: Electrophilic Addition The double bond in alkenes is an area of high electron density (there are four electrons found in this double bond) This makes the double bond susceptible to attack ...
Test for Unsaturation Halogens can be used to test if a molecule is unsaturated (i.e. contains a double bond) Br2(aq) is an orange or yellow solution, called bromine water and this is the halogen m...
Reactions of Alkenes Alkenes are very useful compounds as they can undergo many types of reactions They can therefore be used as starting molecules when making new compounds Electrophilic addition ...
Production of Alkenes: Elimination, & Dehydration Reactions & Cracking Alkenes can be made by a series of reactions including elimination, dehydration reactions and cracking Elimination rea...
Combustion of Alkanes & the Environment Cars’ exhaust fumes include toxic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO/NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) When released int...
Unreactivity of Alkanes Strength of C-H bonds Alkanes consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms which are bonded together by single bonds Unless a lot of heat is supplied, it is difficult to break these...
