CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记3.2.11 Markovnikov's Rule
Alkenes: Stability of Cations & Markovnikov's Rule Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms with only three covalent bonds instead of four There are three types of carbocations: primary...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记3.2.10 Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes
Alkenes: Electrophilic Addition The double bond in alkenes is an area of high electron density (there are four electrons found in this double bond) This makes the double bond susceptible to attack ...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记3.2.9 Test for Unsaturation
Test for Unsaturation Halogens can be used to test if a molecule is unsaturated (i.e. contains a double bond) Br2(aq) is an orange or yellow solution, called bromine water and this is the halogen m...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记3.2.8 Reactions of Alkenes
Reactions of Alkenes Alkenes are very useful compounds as they can undergo many types of reactions They can therefore be used as starting molecules when making new compounds Electrophilic addition ...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记3.2.7 Production of Alkenes
Production of Alkenes: Elimination, & Dehydration Reactions & Cracking Alkenes can be made by a series of reactions including elimination, dehydration reactions and cracking Elimination rea...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记3.2.6 Combustion of Alkanes
Combustion of Alkanes & the Environment Cars’ exhaust fumes include toxic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO/NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) When released int...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记3.2.5 Chemical Reactivity of Alkanes
Unreactivity of Alkanes Strength of C-H bonds Alkanes consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms which are bonded together by single bonds Unless a lot of heat is supplied, it is difficult to break these...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记3.2.4 Cracking of Alkanes
Obtaining Useful Compounds by Cracking Crude oil Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons containing alkanes, cycloalkanes and arenes (compounds with a benzene ring) The crude oil is extracted from t...
CIE A Level Chemistry复习笔记3.2.3 Free Radical Substitution
Free Radical Substitution Mechanism Alkanes can undergo free-radical substitution in which a hydrogen atom gets substituted by a halogen (chlorine/bromine) Ultraviolet light (sunlight) is needed fo...
