Ionic Dot-and-Cross Diagrams Dot and cross diagrams are diagrams that show the arrangement of the outer-shell electrons in an ionic or covalent compound or element The electrons are shown as...
Ionic Bonds As a general rule, metals are on the left of the periodic table and nonmetals are on the right-hand side Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons from a metallic element to a no...
Melting & Boiling Point Trends Elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing atomic number and placed in vertical columns (groups) and horizontal rows (periods) The ...
Electronic Configurations of Atoms & Ions The principal quantum shells increase in energy with increasing principal quantum number E.g. n = 4 is higher in energy than n = 2 The su...
Orbital Shapes Orbitals Subshells contain one or more atomic orbitals Orbitals exist at specific energy levels and electrons can only be found at these specific levels, not in between them E...
Developing Electronic Configuration Electrons move rapidly around the nucleus in energy shells If their energy is increased, then they can jump to a higher energy level The process is revers...
Factors Affecting Ionisation Energy Ionisation energy The ionisation Energy (IE) of an element is the amount of energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms...
Interpreting Mass Spectra Isotopes are different atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons These are atoms of the sam...
Isotopic & Atomic Mass The relative mass of an atom uses the carbon-12 isotope as the international standard One atom of carbon-12 has an accepted mass of 1.992646538 x 10-26 kg It is not reali...
