Ionic Product of Water, Kw In all aqueous solutions, an equilibrium exists in water where a few water molecules dissociate into protons and hydroxide ions We can derive an equilibrium consta...
Acid Dissociation Strong acids A strong acid is an acid that dissociates almost completely in aqueous solutions HCl (hydrochloric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid) and H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) The posi...
Defining pH The acidity of an aqueous solution depends on the number of H+ ions in solution The pH is defined as: pH = -log[H+] where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in mol dm–3 S...
Brønsted–Lowry Acid & Base Theory The Brønsted-Lowry Theory defines acids and bases in terms of proton transfer between chemical compounds A Brønsted acid is a species that can donate a ...
Temperature & the Equilibrium Constant Changes in temperature change the equilibrium constants Kc and Kp For an endothermic reaction such as: An increase in temperature: [H2] and [...
Equilibrium Constant Calculations Calculations involving Kc In the equilibrium expression each figure within a square bracket represents the concentration in mol dm-3 The units of Kc therefo...
2023年AP物理2课程报名开启！不要错过这次的机会！AP物理2是一门以代数为基础的大学物理入门课程。学生通过探究性的研究来培养他们对物理的理解，研究主题包括：流体、热力学、电力、场和势、电路、磁性和电磁感...
2022年AS和A-level的夏季大考成绩已经出分将近大半个月了，众多的A-level学子都用自己辛勤的付出交付了满意的答卷。 那么对于AS年级的学生而言，一份满意的成绩就意味着接下来申请大学有了有力的保障。对于A2年级...
Kp Expressions We have seen previously that equilibrium reactions can be quantified by reference to an equilibrium expression and equilibrium constant The equilibrium expression links the eq...
