Distillation & Refluxing Simple distillation Simple distillation is a common practical completed in organic chemistry It is used as there are times that a reaction does not go to complet...
Grignard Reagents If we need to increase the chain length we can use Grignard reagents Preparing Grignard reagents A halogenoalkane is dissolved in dry ether and reacted with magnesium to p...
Planning Reaction Schemes A large number of organic products are made from a few starting compounds using appropriate reagents and conditions Knowing how organic functional groups are relate...
Deducing Organic Structures You will be expected to deduce the empirical, molecular and structural formulae of compounds from data such as: Combustion analysis Elemental percentage compositi...
Properties of 2-Amino Acids Acid / base properties of amino acids Amino acids will undergo most reactions of amines and carboxylic acids including acid-base reactions of: Amines with acids C...
Condensation Polymers Condensation polymerisation is another type of reaction whereby a polymer is produced by repeated condensation reactions between monomers Natural condensation polymers ...
Amide Formation Amides are organic compounds with an -CONR2 functional group They can be prepared from the condensation reaction between an acyl chloride and ammonia or amine In a condensati...
Aromatic Amine Formation Phenylamine is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring and an amine (NH2) functional group Phenylamine is sometimes known as aminobenzene and aniline Nitrob...
Amine Basicity The nitrogen atom in ammonia and amine molecules can accept a proton (H+ ion) They can therefore act as Bronsted-Lowry bases in aqueous solutions by donating its lone pair of ...
