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Empirical & Molecular Formulae The molecular formula is the formula that shows the number and type of each atom in a molecule E.g. the molecular formula of ethanoic acid is C2H4O2 ...
AQA A Level Chemistry复习笔记1.1.7 Ionisation Energy: Trends & Evidence
Ionisation Energies: Equations The second ionisation energy (IE2) is the energy required to remove the second mole of electrons from each +1 ion in a mole of gaseous +1 ions, to form one mol...
AQA A Level Chemistry复习笔记1.1.6 Ionisation Energy
Ionisation Energies The Ionisation Energy (IE) of an element is the amount of energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms of an element to form one mole of...
AQA A Level Chemistry复习笔记1.1.5 Electron Configuration
Deducing the Electron Configuration The Periodic Table is split up into four main blocks depending on their electron configuration Elements can be classified as an s-block element, p-block e...
AQA A Level Chemistry复习笔记1.1.4 Shells and Orbitals
Electron Shells Shells The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called the electron configuration Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in principal energy levels or principal quantum ...
AQA A Level Chemistry复习笔记1.1.3 Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry
Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique It is the most useful instrument for accurate determination of the relative atomic mass of an element, b...
AQA A Level Chemistry复习笔记1.1.2 Mass Number & Isotopes
Subatomic Structure of Atoms & Ions The mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus, because the nucleus contains the heaviest subatomic particles (the neutrons and protons) The mass ...
Edexcel IGCSE Biology 复习笔记 2.10.1 Homeostasis
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Edexcel IGCSE Biology 复习笔记 2.9.5 Regulating Water Content in the Blood
Edexcel IGCSE Biology 复习笔记 2.9.5 Regulating Water Content in the Blood Regulating Water Content in the Blood Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining water and salt concentrations (o...
