Mass Difference & Binding Energy Experiments into nuclear structure have found that the total mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent nucleons This differ...
Energy & Mass Equivalence Einstein showed in his theory of relativity that matter can be considered a form of energy and hence, he proposed: Mass can be converted into energy Energy can ...
Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry 复习笔记 2.2.2 Group 7: Reactivity & Electronic Configurations Group 7: Reactivity & Electronic Configurations When halogen atoms gain an electron during reac...
Constant Density of Nuclear Material Assuming that the nucleus is spherical, its volume is equal to: Where R is the nuclear radius, which is related to mass number, A, by the equation: Where...
Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry 复习笔记 2.2.1 Group 7 (Halogens) Physical Properties The elements in group 7 are known as the halogens These are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine &nb...
Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry 复习笔记 2.1.2 Group 1: Reactivity & Electronic Configurations Group 1: Reactivity & Electronic Configurations The reactivity of the group 1 metals increases ...
Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry 复习笔记 2.1.1 Group 1 (Alkali Metals) How Alkali Metals React with Water The group 1 metals are known as the alkali metals They form alkaline solutions when they rea...
Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry 复习笔记 1.9.4 Practical: Investigate the Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions Practical: Investigate the Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions Aim: To electrolyse aqueous solution...
Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry 复习笔记 1.9.3 Writing Half-Equations Writing Half-Equations In electrochemistry we are mostly concerned with the transfer of electrons, hence the definitions of oxid...
