Evolutionary Race Between Pathogens & Host Vertebrates have evolved over millions of years to have immune systems that are capable of dealing with a wide range of different pathogens Pathogens,...
Types of Immunity Developing immunity The immune system is activated when a new antigen is encountered This launches a primary immune response consisting of a non-specific immune response followed ...
Post-transcriptional Modification Antibody molecules consist primarily of protein They contain four separate polypeptide chains, two of which are longer, heavy chains, and two of which are shorter,...
B Cell Response B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a second type of white blood cell in the specific immune response B cells remain in the bone marrow as they mature, hence the B in their na...
T Cell Response T cells, sometimes known as T lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell involved with the specific immune response They are produced in the bone marrow and finish maturing in the ...
The Role of Antigens & Antibodies Antigens Every cell in the human body has markers on its cell surface membrane that identify it Microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses also have their own...
Non-specific Immune Responses There are two types of immune response in the body once a pathogen enters Non-specific This response is the same, regardless of the pathogen that invades the body Spec...
EDEXCEL IGCSE CHEMISTRY: DOUBLE SCIENCE 复习笔记：1.4.4 Electronic Configuration & Reactivity Similar Chemical Properties Chemical properties of elements in the same group Elements in th...
EDEXCEL IGCSE CHEMISTRY: DOUBLE SCIENCE 复习笔记：1.4.3 Classify Metals & Non-Metals Classify Metals & Non-Metals We can use properties such as electrical conductivity and acid-base ...
