Reducing Sulfur Oxide Emissions The removal of sulfur from fossil fuels can either take place pre-combustion or post-combustion The oxides of sulfur, SO2 and SO3, are both acidic and toxic gases S...
Effects of acid deposition Effect on materials Acid deposition can react with metals and rocks (such as limestone) causing buildings and statues to get damaged The impact of acid deposition can be ...
Acid Deposition What is acid deposition? Rain is naturally acidic because of dissolved CO2 which forms carbonic acid H2O (l) + CO2 (g) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq) Carbonic acid is a weak acid and dissociates in...
Comparing Strong & Weak Acids Strong and weak acids can be distinguished from each other by their: pH value (using a pH meter or universal indicator) Electrical conductivity Reactivity pH value...
Strong & Weak Acids & Bases Strong acids A strong acid is an acid that dissociates almost completely in aqueous solutions HCl (hydrochloric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid) and H2SO4 (sulfuric aci...
pH Meters & Universal Indicator The most accurate way to determine the pH is by reading it off a pH meter The pH meter is connected to the pH electrode which shows the pH value of the solution ...
Acid-Base Calculations Using the relationships between pH, [H⁺] and [OH⁻] a variety of problems can be solved pH = - log [H+] and Kw = [H+] [OH-] Test your understanding on the following work...
The Ionic Product of Water pH of water An equilibrium exists in water where few water molecules dissociate into proton and hydroxide ions H2O(l) ⇌ H+(aq) + OH-(aq) The equilibrium constant for this...
Interpreting pH The pH scale is a numerical scale that shows how acidic or alkaline a solution is The values on the pH scale go from 0-14 (extremely acidic substances have values of below 0) All ac...
