Production of Alcohols Alcohols are compounds that contain at least one hydroxy (-OH) group The general formula of alcohols is CnH2n+1OH Alcohols can be prepared by a wide range of chemical reactio...
Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes The halogenoalkanes have different rates of substitution reactions Since substitution reactions involve breaking the carbon-halogen bond the bond energies can be used ...
Halogenoalkanes: SN1 & SN2 Mechanisms In nucleophilic substitution reactions involving halogenoalkanes, the halogen atom is replaced by a nucleophile These reactions can occur in two different ...
Halogenoalkanes: Elimination Reactions In an elimination reaction, an organic molecule loses a small molecule In the case of halogenoalkanes this small molecule is a hydrogen halide (eg. HCl) The h...
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Halogenoalkanes Halogenoalkanes are much more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the electronegative halogens The halogen-carbon bond is polar causi...
Production of Halogenoalkanes: Substitution & Addition Reactions Halogenoalkanes are alkanes that have one or more halogens They can be produced from: Free-radical substitution of alkanes Elect...
Alkenes: Stability of Cations & Markovnikov's Rule Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms with only three covalent bonds instead of four There are three types of carbocations: primary...
Alkenes: Electrophilic Addition The double bond in alkenes is an area of high electron density (there are four electrons found in this double bond) This makes the double bond susceptible to attack ...
Test for Unsaturation Halogens can be used to test if a molecule is unsaturated (i.e. contains a double bond) Br2(aq) is an orange or yellow solution, called bromine water and this is the halogen m...
