Arenes: Directing Effects of Substituents Arenes readily undergo electrophilic substitution of one of their hydrogen atoms with another species Substituents that are already present on the arenes c...
Arenes: Location of Halogenation Arenes will undergo substitution reactions with halogens to form aryl halides This reaction is also called a halogenation reaction Depending on the reaction conditi...
Arenes: Electrophilic Substitution The electrophilic substitution reaction in arenes consists of three steps: Generation of an electrophile Electrophilic attack Regenerating aromaticity Mechanism o...
Reactions of Arenes Arenes are very stable compounds due to the delocalisation of π electrons in the ring This is because the negative charge is spread out over the molecule instead of being confin...
Chirality & Drug Production Most of the drugs that are used to treat diseases contain one or more chiral centres These drugs can therefore exist as enantiomers which differ from each other in t...
Properties of Enantiomers Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same structural formula but have the atoms arranged differently in space There are two types of stereoisomerism Geometrical (cis/...
Shape of Benzene & Aromatic Molecules Aromatic molecules consist of one or more rings with conjugated π systems Conjugated π systems arise from alternating double and single bonds in which the ...
Terminology Used in Reaction Mechanisms (AL) Organic reactions are often associated with terminology students should be familiar with Two of these important terms include: Electrophilic substitutio...
Nomenclature of Aliphatic Compounds (AL) Students are required to use systematic nomenclature of simple aliphatic compounds The following method can be applied when naming organic compounds: Identi...
