Rate: Enzyme Concentration Enzyme concentration affects the rate of reaction The higher the enzyme concentration in a reaction mixture, the greater the number of active sites available and the grea...
Maths Skill: Calculating pH If the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution is known, the pH can be calculated using the equation: pH = -log₁₀ [H⁺] You can find the ‘log’ function on yo...
Edexcel IGCSE Maths 复习笔记 2.3.1 Expanding Two Brackets - Basics What is expanding two brackets? When we expand brackets in algebra we ‘get rid of’ the brackets by multiplying out When we expand ...
Rate: pH All enzymes have an optimum pH or a pH at which they operate best Enzymes are denatured at extremes of pH Hydrogen and ionic bonds hold the tertiary structure of the protein (ie. th...
Rate: Temperature Enzymes have a specific optimum temperature – the temperature at which they catalyse a reaction at the maximum rate Lower temperatures either prevent reactions from proceed...
Edexcel IGCSE Maths 复习笔记 2.2.2 Simple Factorisation What is simple factorisation? Simple Factorisation is the opposite of Expanding One Bracket Beware of minus signs Remember the basic rules: “...
Maths Skill: Using a Tangent to Find Initial Rate of Reaction For linear graphs (i.e. graphs with a straight-line), the gradient is the same throughout This makes it easy to calculate the ra...
Maths Skill: Drawing a Graph for Enzyme Rate Experiments Enzyme rate experiments are experiments that are carried out to determine the effect of changing a particular factor on the rate of a...
What is expanding one bracket? When we expand brackets in algebra we ‘get rid of’ the brackets by multiplying out Expanding one bracket is done by multiplying everything inside the bracket by the f...
Required Practical: Measuring Enzyme Activity The progress of enzyme-catalysed reactions can be investigated by: Measuring the rate of formation of a product using catalase Measuring the rat...
How Enzymes Work The lock-and-key hypothesis Enzymes are globular proteins This means their shape (as well as the shape of the active site of an enzyme) is determined by the complex tertiary...
Mode of Enzyme Action Enzymes have an active site where specific substrates bind forming an enzyme-substrate complex The active site of an enzyme has a specific shape to fit a specific subst...
