A Level经济学课程概念分享，提升拿A*概率

A-Level经济是一门非常实用的学科，它有助于培养学生的经济思维和解决现实问题的能力。学生需要学习宏观经济和微观经济的知识，同时还要具备较高的综合能力、英语学术写作能力、经济类阅读积累和批判性思维能力。今天我们整理了微观经济学的基础概念，希望能够帮助同学们高效备考A-Level经济。如果你正在备考A-Level经济，不妨认真阅读以下内容，为自己的备考之路打下坚实的基础。

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1. Scarcity 稀缺性

Society has insufficient productive resources to fulfill unlimited human wants and needs.

2. Resource allocation problem 资源分配问题

The assignment of available resources to various uses.

3. Factors in production 生产要素

Inputs used to produce goods and services.

4. Microeconomics 微观经济学

How household sand firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets.

5. Macroeconomics 宏观经济学

Economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.

6. Normative statements 规范表述

What the economy should go and what intervention should be adopted?

7. Positive statements 实证表述

What is the economy like and what happened?

8. Productivity 生产效率

Amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.

9. Central planning channels resource

Inputs are based on direct allocation. Centralized manner depending on the specific organization of economic institutions.(price will not have directing power).

10. Opportunity cost 机会成本

The value (not a benefit) of the choice of a best alternative lost while making a decision.

11. Market power 市场支配力

The ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices.

12.production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界

Graphical representation of possible combination of two goods with constant resources and technology.

13. Absolute advantage 绝对优势

Ability of a party (anindividual, or firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors,using the same amount of resources.

14. Comparative advantage 比较优势

Agents have acomparative advantage over others in producing a particular good if they can produce that good at a lower relative opportunity cost or autarky price.

15. Asymmetric information 信息不对称

In decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information than the other. This creates an imbalance of power in transactions.

16. Demand 需求

A buyer's willingness and ability to pay a price for a specific quantity of a good or service.

17. PED

The percentage change in quantity demanded given a percent change in the price.

18. XED

Measure the demand quantity change from the price change of relevant good.

19. YED

Measure the demand quantity change from income changes.

20. Willingness to pay 支付意愿

Maximum price at or below which a consumer will definitely buy one unit of the product.

21. Consumer surplus 消费者剩余

The difference between the maximum price aconsumer is willing to pay and the actual price they do pay.

22. Law of diminishing marginal returns 边际收益递减规律

Diminishing returns is the decrease in the marginal (incremental) output of a production process as the amount of a single factor of production is incrementally increased, while the amounts of all other factors of production stay constant.(ceteris paribus)

23. Explicit cost 显性成本

A direct payment made to others in the course of running a business, such as wage, rent and materials.

24. Implicit cost 隐性成本

Is the opportunity cost equal to what a firm must give up in order to use a factor of production for which it already owns and thus does not pay rent.(foregone income from choosing not to work).

25. Accounting profit 会计利润

Total revenue – total explicit cost.

26. Economic profit 经济利润

Total revenue – total cost (explicit+implicit)；Economic profit =0: normal economic profit

27. Supply curve 供给曲线

In the goods market, supply is the amount of a product that producers are willing to sell at various given prices when all other factors are held constant. (ceteris paribus).

28.  Producer surplus 生产者剩余

The difference between the minimum price a producer is willing to sell and the actual price they do to sell.

29. Equilibrium 经济平衡

Economic equilibrium is a state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced. In goods market, equilibrium price stands for aprice that sellers sold the same amount that buyers want to buy (clearance).

30. Market structure 市场结构

Characterization of how market operates differentlyHow many producers?How many buyers?What do buyers know about product?How products differ from each other?Is producer easy to entry or exit?

31. Perfect competition 完全竞争

There are numerous sellers and buyers；Both are price taker in market；Free move for producer；Homogeneous products

32. Monopoly 垄断

Unique supplier in the market；No substitutes；Price maker

33. Oligopoly 寡头垄断

Two or several supplier；Barriers to entry；Product differentiation or homogeneous；Non-price competition；Interdependence

34. Monopolistic competition 垄断性竞争

Every producer has its own market demand；Good in every market is substitutes；Markets are interdependent

35. Production efficiency 生产效率

No additional output can be obtained without increasing the amount of inputs.(lowest ATC).

36. Allocative efficiency 配置效率

Any changes made to assist one person would harm another(Equilibrium price= MC=AC)；Market can be said to have allocative efficiency if the price of a product that the market is supplying is equal to the marginal value consumers place on it, and equals marginal cost.

37. Excludable 可排除的

Individual can be effectively exclude from use.

38. Rivalrous  竞争性的

One individual reduce availability to others.

39. Externality 外部性

The cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.

40. Negative externality 负外部性

An economic activity that imposes a negative effect on an unrelated third party.

以上便是我们为大家整理的40组微观经济学基础概念，希望同学们在考前都能熟读记忆，才能有机会拿A*。

如果你在A Level 学习上还有想要提升的地方，不妨来找我们的老师为你针对性指导。