AP考试中的美国历史,有许多是需要大家理解,而不是死记硬背。考试中几乎没有考察背诵的内容,大部分都是考察学生对于美国社会发展的理解,考察学生是不是建立了完善的历史观。除此之外,美国历史其实不管是在学生的申请中,还是未来在美国大学的学习中,都是非常有帮助的。
1、分析素材及证据的技能
包含:对原始素材和观点的解释,其中原始素材指written documents, maps, images, quantitative data, and works of art,评估素材和观点的可信度和局限性;
对第二手素材和观点的再次解读,第二手素材指economists, sociologists, political commentators, or art historians著写的观点性的素材;
2、联系和比较历史的技能
包含:比较不同个体、事件、发展阶段,分析其异同而得出对应的结论;站在广博的历史角度将事件与发展情境化;整合各种历史信息;
3、按年代顺序的论证技能
包含:不同时间顺序的事件之间的因果关系;事件变化的连续性;事件独立性特别性;
4、论据论证支持观点的技能
尤其在材料题和论文中,要求有观点且用论据论证去支持论点。
1)美国人和民族认同,
2)移民和定居,
3)政治和权力,
4)工作、交流和技术,
5)世界与美国,
6)地理和环境,
7)文化和社会。
1、 美国人和民族认同主题,考生需要思考以下问题:
✦Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity.
✦Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society.
✦Analyze how ideas about national identity changed in response to U.S. Involvement in International conflicts and growth of the United States.
✦Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity.
2、移民和定居:
✦Explain the causes of migration to colonial North American and, later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society.
✦Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.
3、 政治和权力:
✦alignments have developed and changed.
✦Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions.
✦Explain how different beliefs about the federal government’s role in U.S. social and economic life have affected political debates and policies.
4、工作、交流和技术:
✦Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.
✦Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.
✦Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society.
5、美国与世界:
✦Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America.
✦Analyze the reasons for and results of U.S. diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas.
6、地理和环境:
✦Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.
7、文化和社会:
✦Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life.
✦Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scientific ideas have developed and shaped society and institutions.
✦Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics.
✦Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time.
可以看到,官方给出的时间段会有重合,Period 4 从1800年开始,强调美国南北战争前的改革和社会变化,这个时间段以1848年的Seneca Falls Convention塞内卡福尔斯会议为结束标志。Period 5, 开始于1844年,侧重“天命论”思想下的领土扩张如何引起更激烈的奴隶制问题,直至内战结束和战后重建。Period 6 从内战结束的1865年开始到1898年的西班牙-美国战争结束。
建议考生仔细解读一下建国纲领《独立宣言》、《宪法》、《权利法案》、《联邦党人文集》,系统梳理每个时间段的重要事件,比如:
1491-1607 印第安人和欧洲殖民者
1607-1754 英国、法国、西班牙、荷兰的美洲殖民地,英国的新英格兰、中部、南部的殖民地
1754–1800 美国独立战争、《美国邦联条例》、《美国宪法》、《权利法案》
1800–1848 从华盛顿到杰克逊的政府政策、事件、党派发展、领土扩张
1844-1877 美国内战和重建
1865–1898 工业发展、城市化
1890–1945 一战、罗斯福新政、二战
1945–1980 冷战和冷战时代的美国
1980–PRESENT 里根、老布什、克林顿、小布什、奥巴马政府的政策、事件(不做重点)
这本书就是College Board官方出版的,专门给大家讲述美国历史和世界历史的准备方式的教材,这本书的最大卖点就是官方,里面的真题数量并不是特别多,但是好在能够给大家一个机会,看看真考的题目的难度到底是怎样的。
这本书就是最好最全的美国历史备考教材,作为想要CR高分的同学的泛读材料。但是这本书好, 大, 全的特点也让这本书对于只需要参加SAT2考试而不是AP考试的同学觉得过于细节 建议大家可以仔细想想要不要使用这本教材,如果真的觉得太厚,可以用下面的那本美国历史的Direct Hits和中文的一些美国历史读物来代替。
这本书,我觉得其实是这三本美国历史教材中最有价值也是最有效率的一本,这本书的作者,就是SAT最好的单词书Direct Hits的作者,Larry Krieger,他曾经参加过110次SAT考试,这么多的考试经历让他能够触摸到考试的细微变化,也让他成为了全美最权威的SAT备考的Tutor,他本身的大学专业是History,所以他教授所有的SAT2和AP的历史类课程,这本书可以说是他的心血之作,值得所有需要去参加美国历史考试的同学仔细读一读。
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