2. content words:内容关键词就是所有考纲的内容。根据题目中的内容关键词,你可以判断出你的文章的重点是什么,怎么筛选知识点。
a. Explain the market failure, which arises from the characteristics of public goods.
b. Discuss whether the use of cost-benefit analysis helps to improve economic decision-making.
根据 content words,我们可以看出,这题考的重点是第三章的知识点;问题分为 2 个部分,建议时间分配 a 部分 20mins,b 部分 30mins。
现在我们来看 directive words,一般来说,在 as 阶段,essay question 的 a 部分的 directive words 都是 explain ,而 b 部分的 directive words 都是 discuss。
Part a:
subject content 是 ‘the characteristics of public goods’,所以你的 essay 里你要简单介绍这些特征;
directive words 是 explain,意味着你要解释说明原因,在这里,你要解释为什么 the characteristics of public goods 会导致 market failure,最好再通过具体典型的例子来围绕说明。比如,你可以通过 national defense 的例子来解释。
Part b:
B 部分的 directive word 是 discuss,也就是说,文章一定要写双面,即正反面,切忌。 why cost-benefit analysis can improve economic decision making and why in some cases, it does not ‘improve economic decision making’。也就是说CBA 使用的优势以及此方法的问题。同样的,通过穿插例子,边解释理论,边结合 example,这样你的文章才能上一个档次
Goleman’s four main EI competencies
Self-awareness
Self-management
Social awareness
Social skills
Motivation Theories
Main content theorists (Maslow,Taylor, Mayo, Herzberg)
Maslow: Physical => Safety => Social =>Esteem => Self actualisation
Taylor: Man is driven by money alone.Applied the scientific approach to management:
Select => Observe => record => Identify quickest method => Train => supervise => Pay by results
Mayo:
Motivation improved by: Consulting workers / Working in teams /Workers making decisions that affect themselves /Establishing targets
Less affected by: Working conditions
Herzberg:
Satisfiers(Motivators):Achievement / Recognition / Work / Responsibility / Advancement Dissatisfiers(Hygiene):Company policies and administrations / Supervision / Salary / Relationships with others / Working conditions
Process theorists (McClelland, Vroom)
McClelland:three types of motivational need
AS物理考试分3次,最早的一次是structured questions, 在5月5日,再迟一点的是practicals,最晚的是multiple choices,在6月10日。因此,建议大家多针对P2的考题进行复习,并且在做习的时候侧重P2。
P2中的题型分成几种。
第一种是纯计算,或者根据公式,或者根据图表,这种类型较为简单。
第二种是证明题,标志性单词"show that"。对待这种题型时候需要小心,首先必须be aware 要考的是哪些知识点,另外还要正确的展示出你的思维过程,逆推或者以结论证明结论都不行。
第三种是最被大家所憎恶的"definition","what is meant by", "describe and explain", "state and explain"这些类型。大家憎恶"definition"和"what is meant by", 大部分原因是这些需要记忆,事实上细心的人会发现,每一条"definition"都有keywords,只要keywords写到了,就没问题啦;而"describeand explain", "state and explain"这种类型,一般需要先describe或者state, 而后需要explain,在解释过程中,需要展示给examiner的是你认为需要用到的知识点,以及能够将这些知识点串到一起的正确的逻辑思维。
第四种是"design experiment",这种恐怕是大部分人不习惯的,因为它是“非典型性结构题”。这些实验通常会出现在课本上,但是由于某些原因被大家忽略,即使有人注意到了,在碰到它时可能因为不知道如何去描述而导致整道题死光光,因此这种题得分率一般很低。
但是有经验的人会注意到,这种题的回答方法其实有技巧,一般都是diagram with label + description + explanation, 或者diagram with label + measurement +data analysis.
结构的几种不同画法或写法:
Molecular formula
Structural formula
Displayed formula
Skeletal formula
Three‐dimensional structures
Functional groups: within a class of compounds all the compounds consist of molecules with a particular atom, or grouping of atoms, called a functional group.
Functional group can be alkanes, alkenes, arenes, and belows.
(sigma bonds; pi bonds)
Isomerism
Structural isomerism
Chain isomerism
Position isomerism
Functional group isomerism
Stereo isomerism
Cis-‐trans isomerism
Optical isomerism
Organic reactions:
Fission of bonds
nucleophile: a donator of a pair of electron
Other types of organic reactions
Addition
Substitution
Elimination
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Reduction
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