备考AP宏观经济，这样可以得5分

今天由CC告诉我们

关于AP宏观经济学的备考心得

你准备好接收了么？哈哈哈~

A.   Basic Concept.

1.Relationship between household and film

 

2

 

2.General Domestic Product(GDP)

几点需要注意：1: It represent the final market value.

2: All services and goods in the market.

3: in only one country.

4: in a period of time (a year)

不能算作GDP的情况，如：1900年的古董今年再售卖，只能算1900年的GDP不能算是2018年的。（因为古董是在1900年生产的）

 

 

3.  Nominal GDP=current price * current quantity

Real GDP=base year price * current quantity

 

4. Price index (价格指数)

 

Consumer price index (消费者价格指数): measureschanges in the price level of a market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households.

(Overestimate the true burden of inflation because it does not recognize consumers’ ability to substitute goods and services as price change. (选择题考过)）

 

Producer price index(生产者价格指数)：the average changes in prices received by domestic producers for their output.

 

5.   GDP deflator=(Nominal GDP/Real GDP)*100

RGDP>NGDP : Deflation

RGDP<NGDP : Inflation

6.Business Cycle（选择题考过）

7.   Main Reasons for economic growth（常考，几乎选择题必考）:

1. More resources
2. Higher level of education
3. Increase technology / productivity

 

Methods to improve Human Capital:

• Education/Training
• Better skills

 

8.   Disposable income=personal income-tax

 

9.  Consumption=autonomous consumption + derived consumption

autonomous consumption: consumption expenditure that occurs when income levels are zero.

derived consumption：Consumption for a factor of production or intermediate good occurs as a result of the consumption for another intermediate or final good.

 

10.Nominal interest rate-Inflation=Real interest rate(常考)

 

B.   Three main theory:

(1) Monetarist(很少考)：increasing the money supply at a rate equal to the GDP increase rate.

(2)  Classical(比较常考，答题也有出，关键词：Government take no actions): emphasize economy is fairly stable（强调市场内在稳定），can cure the recession; and no government intervention(没有政府介入); Flexible market.

(3) Keynesians(常考):emphasize that economy is unstable. (Sticky market);Recommand active government policy.(fiscal policy is more effective than monetary policy);Liquidity trap

 

Example for classical theory:

When economy is in Recession ,there is surplus of workers or inputs ,the wage and the cost will decrease

AS curve will shift to right for get equilibrium level.(没有政府介入，市场自动恢复)

 

C．Crowding out and Stagflation（常考）

Crowding out effect :通常指政府的开支增加导致的私人投资和消费减少。

通常思路是：GS（government spending）increase     Demand for loanable fund increase    real interest rate increase    people tend to save money in the banks rather than use it to invest, so that investment and consumption decrease, AD shift to left.反之亦然。

Stagflation:跟理性预期很像。

逻辑是：When AD curve shift to right ,price level increase

people are expecting for a higher price level

so that producers tend to save products rather than sell it since they are waiting for a higher price level which can make more profit for them.

 

D.  Unemployment(选择题必考)

1.    计算方法：失业人口/总劳动力

失业人口指：

1.People have ability to work but do not have job.

2.People who is finding new job.

不是失业人口的情况：Tony在一个志愿者中心无薪工作，期间拒绝一切工作的offer，这种情况Tony不能算是劳动力。

 

2.    FOUR kinds of unemployment；

（1）    Frictional unemployment:摩擦性失业，A person switch to a new job.可以理解为跳槽期间的空档时间。

（2）    Structural unemployment:结构性失业， A kind of skill is being replaced by machines, therefore there is no requirement for this kind of skill-worker anymore.(技术不再被市场需求)

（3）    Cyclical unemployment:周期性事业， A person was being unemployed since the economic change, such as recession or depression.

（4）    Seasonal unemployment:季节性失业，A person was unemployed since the seasonal change.

 

3.  Dishonest workers: 不是失业人口却拿补助金的人。会导致unemployment rate 上升。

4.  Natural unemployment rate：around 5%, only in structural unemployment and frictional unemployment.

5.  Discourage workers: People who do not want to find job, and will not account in labor force.

 

E.    Multiplier

1.  MPC：Marginal propensity to consume(边际消费倾向)

MPS：Marginal propensity to save

MPC=change in consumption/change in income

MPS+MPC=1

2.    Government spending multiplier: GS*(1/1-MPC) OR GS*(1/MPS)

3.    Balanced Budget: (1/1-MPC)*(-MPC/1-MPC)=1

(常考考点：政府开支和税同时增加相同的量，他们的乘数效应一样吗？答案是！不一样，因为政府开支的乘数比税的乘数大。)

 

 

F． Monetary Policy

 

1.最最最常考，必须记住的：导致Money Supply增加的三个原因：

• Required reserve rate decrease
• discount rate decrease
• Central bank buy goverment bonds (这个相比前面对nominal interest rate影响最小）

反过来，导致MS 减少的三个原因：

• Required reserve rate increase
• Discount rate increase
• Central bank sell goverment bonds

 

 

2.Federal funds rate: the interest rate of loan between commercial banks.

3. Discount rate: the interest rate that a country’s central bank charges to other banks.

4.股票价格=股息/利率

5.National debt: the accumulation of past and current budget deficits and surplus.

6. current account/financial account

Current account: services/goods/products/transfer

Financial account: shock/directly investment (factory) and indirectly investment/bonds

(如果其中一个deficit，另外一个就surplus)

7.Tax credit:税收减免 （Real tax decrease, led to an increase in investment）

 

G.Phillips Curve

 

 

 

H. Exchange Market

重点：1.对一个国家货币需求上升，同时另一个国家的货币供给也会上升。

2.Interest rate increase     Appreciation     Export decrease and import increase

3.Interest rate decrease     depreciation     Import decrease and Export increase

4.Import traffic increase     Import decrease     Demand for foreign currency decrease and Supply for domestic currency decrease

 

 

谢谢大家看完我准备的所有资料

这是我花了一整天时间整理出来的必考考点

我是一名正在努力备考3门AP 的学生~~

跟你们一样努力奋战中

在最近几次模考中都已经达到五分线啦，嘿嘿。

 

 

 

这是我两个月学习加模考自己总结的考点（画这里面的图都画了好久呢呜呜呜），几乎都是必考的，没有记下来这些不可能拿五分哦 都是基本考点。

 

有几个忠告想要告诉大家的是：

1.有三个图形一定要记得，分别是：GDP，loanable market，还有Money Market的图形。需要灵活使用。

 

2.关于大题，要拿五分大题一定要高分，最多错1~2 个小问。第一题通常是GDP的题，需要看清楚是recession还是equilibrium还是Inflation的，这题最简单，但是分值也最高，不能失分哦，不要忘记GDP图的任何脚标

第二题通常是Money supply的题型，会告诉你法定准备金率是多少还有T账户，然后让你进行各种计算（比如，excess reserve，reserve requirement， the maximum change in money supply等等），这种题型相对来说比较难，我觉得最有效的办法是：连续做几年这类型的大题，弄清它的考法，理解demand deposit，loan ，reserve requirement，excess reserve等等之间的关系，就可以啦。

第三题的话就有比较多的可能性，比如菲利普斯曲线，失业率，外汇市场。前两个还比较好做题，外汇市场最主要是辨别货币是贬值或者升值，所带来可能的影响是什么。

 

3. 关于选择题，每个知识点都会涉及到，要拿五分然而大题又要有一点容错的空间的话，60道选择题必须控制在50题以上才可以。我认为选择题一定要看清楚题目，然后多练习，错的题一定要理解知识点，保证下次不会再错。

 

好了，这就是我用时间堆积出来满满的知识点，非常希望可以帮到你，也一定有用，希望每一个努力备考的你们都能拿到好的成绩！！！5！！！！！！！

 

 

 

转自尚学明德

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