CIE A Level Biology复习笔记10.2.3 Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance
Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance
Consequences of antibiotic resistance
- Commonly prescribed antibiotics are becoming less effective for many reasons, the main being:
- Overuse of antibiotics and antibiotics being prescribed when not necessary
- Large scale use of antibiotics in farming to prevent disease when livestock are kept in close quarters, even when animals are not sick
- Patients failing to complete the full course of antibiotics prescribed by doctors
- These factors have led to a reduction in the effectiveness of antibiotics, and an increase in the incidence of antibiotic resistance
- These bacteria are commonly known as superbugs
- The most common example is a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to a powerful antibiotic methicillin and is now known as MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) as well as other antibiotics (eg. penicillin)
- Bacteria living where there is a widespread use of many different antibiotics may have plasmids containing resistance genes for several different antibiotics, giving them multiple resistance and presenting a significant problem for doctors
- In addition, resistance may first appear in a non-pathogenic bacterium, but then be passed on to a pathogenic species by horizontal transmission
- There is a constant race to find new antibiotics as resistant strains are continuously evolving
Reducing antibiotic resistance & its impact
- Ways to prevent the incidence of antibiotic resistance increasing include:
- Tighter controls in countries in which antibiotics are sold without a doctor’s prescription
- Doctors avoiding the overuse of antibiotics, prescribing them only when needed (patients must only be given antibiotics when absolutely essential) – doctors should test the bacteria first to make sure that they prescribe the correct antibiotic
- Antibiotics not being used in non-serious infections that the immune system will ‘clear up’ (patients must not keep unused antibiotics for self-medication of such non-serious infections in the future)
- When prescribed a course of antibiotics, the patient finishing the entire course (even if they feel better after a few days) so that all the bacteria are killed, and none are left to mutate to become resistant strains
- Antibiotics not being used for viral infections (antibiotics have no effect on viruses anyway, and this just provides an unnecessary chance for bacteria to develop resistance)
- The use of ‘wide-spectrum’ antibiotics being reduced and instead those antibiotics that are highly specific to the infection (‘narrow-spectrum’ antibiotics) being used
- The type of antibiotics prescribed being changed so that the same antibiotic is not always prescribed for the same infections and diseases (this reduces the chance of a resistant strain developing)
- The use of antibiotics being reduced and more tightly controlled in industries such as agriculture – controls are now in place to limit their use in farming, where antibiotics are used to prevent, rather than cure, bacterial infections
- The spread of already-resistant strains can be limited by:
- Ensuring good hygiene practices such as handwashing and the use of hand sanitisers (this has reduced the rates of resistant strains of bacteria, such as MRSA, in hospitals)
- Isolating infected patients to prevent the spread of resistant strains, in particular in surgical wards where MRSA can infect surgical wounds
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