An example of horizontal circular motion is a vehicle driving on a curved road
The forces acting on the vehicle are:
The friction between the tyres and the road
The weight of the vehicle downwards
In this case, the centripetal force required to make this turn is provided by the frictional force
This is because the force of friction acts towards the centre of the circular path
Since the centripetal force is provided by the force of friction, the following equation can be written:
Where:
m = mass of the vehicle (kg)
v = speed of the vehicle (m s–1)
r = radius of the circular path (m)
μ = static coefficient of friction
g = acceleration due to gravity (m s–2)
Rearranging this equation for v gives:
v2 = μgr
This expression gives the maximum speed at which the vehicle can travel around the curved road without skidding
If the speed exceeds this, then the vehicle is likely to skid
This is because the centripetal force required to keep the car in a circular path could not be provided by friction, as it would be too large
Therefore, in order for a vehicle to avoid skidding on a curved road of radius r, its speed must satisfy the equation
Banking
A banked road, or track, is a curved surface where the outer edge is raised higher than the inner edge
The purpose of this is to make it safer for vehicles to travel on the curved road, or track, at a reasonable speed without skidding
When a road is banked, the centripetal force no longer depends on the friction between the tyres and the road
Instead, the centripetal force depends solely on the normal force and the weight of the vehicle
Vertical Circular Motion
An example of vertical circular motion is swinging a ball on a string in a vertical circle
The forces acting on the ball are:
The tension in the string
The weight of the ball downwards
As the ball moves around the circle, the direction of the tension will change continuously
The magnitude of the tension will also vary continuously, reaching a maximum value at the bottom and a minimum value at the top
This is because the direction of the weight of the ball never changes, so the resultant force will vary depending on the position of the ball in the circle
At the bottom of the circle, the tension must overcome the weight, this can be written as:
As a result, the acceleration, and hence, the speed of the ball will be slower at the top
At the top of the circle, the tension and weight act in the same direction, this can be written as:
As a result, the acceleration, and hence, the speed of the ball will be faster at the bottom
Exam Tip
You do not need to know the mathematics of banking but you may be required to explain the principles unpinning it, so make sure you understand it!