【AP心理学】7.Cognition：碎片时间记忆巩固题1

注：此文案，仅供大家在复习过的基础上使用。（例如，上课过的学生，在课堂配套练习、真题模拟题的基础上，利用碎片时间，做做这里的记忆巩固。）

 

Studying and Encoding Memories

1.  A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects

as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is

testing your  .

 

2.  The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining

it, and later getting it back out are  ,   ,

and  .

 

3.  The concept of working memory

a.  clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on

the active processing that occurs in this stage.

b.  splits short-term memory into two substages—sensory

memory and working memory.

c.  splits short-term memory into two areas—working

(retrievable) memory and inaccessible memory.

d.  clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on

space, time, and frequency.

 

4.  Sensory memory may be visual ( memory) or

auditory ( memory).

 

5.  Our short-term memory for new information is limited to

about  items.

 

6.  Memory aids that use visual imagery (such as peg words) or

other organizational devices (such as acronyms) are called

.

Storing and Retrieving Memories

7.  The hippocampus seems to function as a

a.  temporary processing site for explicit memories.

b.  temporary processing site for implicit memories.

c.  permanent storage area for emotion-based memories.

d.  permanent storage area for iconic and echoic memories.

 

8.  Amnesia following hippocampus damage typically leaves

people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events.

However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding

a bicycle, which is an  (explicit/implicit) memory.

 

9.  Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers to

a.  emotion-triggered hormonal changes.

b.  the role of the hippocampus in processing explicit

memories.

c.  an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid

stimulation.

d.  aging people’s potential for learning.

 

10.  Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other

associations that help us access a memory are examples of

.

11.  When you feel sad, why might it help to look at pictures that

reawaken some of your best memories?

 

12.  When tested immediately after viewing a list of words,

people tend to recall the first and last items more readily

than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they

are most likely to recall

a.  the first items on the list.

b.  the first and last items on the list.

c.  a few items at random.

d.  the last items on the list.

 

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory

13.  When forgetting is due to encoding failure, meaningless

information has not been transferred from

a.  the environment into sensory memory.

b.  sensory memory into long-term memory.

c.  long-term memory into short-term memory.

d.  short-term memory into long-term memory.

 

14.  Ebbinghaus’ “forgetting curve” shows that after an initial

decline, memory for novel information tends to

a.  increase slightly.

b.  decrease noticeably.

c.  decrease greatly.

d.  level out.

 

15.  The hour before sleep is a good time to memorize

information, because going to sleep after learning new

material minimizes  interference.

 

16.  Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are

blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called

.

17.  One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in

memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions,

sometimes based on misleading information. This tendency

is an example of

a.  proactive interference.

b.  the misinformation effect.

c.  retroactive interference.

d.  the forgetting curve.

 

18.  Eliza’s family loves to tell the story of how she “stole the

show” as a 2-year-old, dancing at her aunt’s wedding

reception. Even though she was so young, Eliza can recall

the event clearly. How is this possible?

 

19.  We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable

to remember how we know that person. This is an example

of  .

 

20.  When a situation triggers the feeling that “I’ve been here

before,” you are experiencing  .

 

21.  Children can be accurate eyewitnesses if

a.  interviewers give the children hints about what really

happened.

b.  a neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the

event, in words the children can understand.

c.  the children have a chance to talk with involved adults

before the interview.

d.  interviewers use precise technical and medical terms.

 

22.  Psychologists involved in the study of memories of abuse

tend to DISAGREE about which of the following statements?

a.  Memories of events that happened before age 3 are not

reliable.

b.  We tend to repress extremely upsetting memories.

c.  Memories can be emotionally upsetting.

d.  Sexual abuse happens.

 

 

 

Studying and Encoding Memories

1.  recall

2.  encoding; storage; retrieval

3.  a

4.  iconic; echoic

5.  seven

6.  mnemonics

 

Storing and Retrieving Memories

7.  a

8.  implicit

9.  c

10.  retrieval cues

11.  Memories are stored within a web of many associations, one

of which is mood. When you recall happy moments from

your past, you deliberately activate these positive links. You

may then experience mood-congruent memory and recall

other happy moments, which could improve your mood and

brighten your interpretation of current events.

12.  a

 

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and

Improving Memory

13.  d

14.  d

15.  retroactive

16.  repression

17.  b

18.  Eliza’s immature hippocampus and lack of verbal skills

would have prevented her from encoding an explicit mem-

ory of the wedding reception at the age of two. It’s more

likely that Eliza learned information (from hearing the story

repeatedly) that she eventually constructed into a memory

that feels very real.

19.  source amnesia

20.  déjà vu

21.  b

22.  b

FRQ

Catherine has a big psychology test coming up tomorrow. She and several of her friends get together to do some final studying. Discuss how each of the following concepts might help OR hurt Catherine and her friends during their study session and testing experience.
• Short-term memory capacity
• Serial position curve
• Spacing effect
• Misinformation effect
• Forgetting curve
• Semantic versus visual encoding
• Overconfidence
• Framing
• Mental set