A.What is deadweight loss? (定义)Deadweight Loss (无谓损失),又称为福利净损失 (Welfare Loss),是指由于市场未处于最优运行状态(Market Equilibrium)而引起的社会成本。所产生的社会福利损失具体体现在消费者剩余(Consumer Surplus)和生产者剩余(Producer Surplus)的减少。 B.Why it is so important?(相关考题)Deadweight Loss是一个相对抽象的概念,并和许多知识点存在联系。在历年的AP考试当中,这个知识点却是一个必不可少的考点。以下是历年真题当中出现过与Deadweight Loss相关的考题,大家看完这篇文章之后,不妨做一下真题,有不懂的问题欢迎在AP群里面提出,和同学们老师们一起探讨。与Deadweight Loss相关的Multiple-Choice Questions
Ø (2010) Q3&4
Ø (2015) Q57
Ø (2012) Q48
·与Deadweight Loss相关的 Free-Response Questions
Ø (2018) Q1
Ø (2015) Q2
Ø (2014) Q1
Ø (2012) Q1
C.What may cause deadweight loss?1. A Binding Price (Price Floor & Price Ceiling)• Price CeilingsØDefinition:A price ceiling is meant to set a price below the equilibrium.Ø Example: Rent Control
Ø Welfare Analysis (measure the deadweight loss)
• Price Floors
Ø A price floor is meant to set a price above the equilibrium.
Ø Example: Minimum Wage
Ø Welfare Analysis (measure the deadweight loss)
2. A Tax or Subsidy· TaxØ Tax: Market Outcome
Ø Welfare Analysis (measure the deadweight loss)
· Subsidy
Ø Subsidy: Market Outcome
Ø Welfare Analysis (measure the deadweight loss)
3. Externality· Positive ExternalityØ Positive Externality: Market Outcome
Ø Welfare Analysis (measure the deadweight loss)
· Negative Externality
Ø Negative Externality: Market Outcome
Ø Welfare Analysis (measure the deadweight loss)
4. Artificial Scarcity as a Result of Monopoly PricingØ Monopoly’s market outcome and prefect competition market outcome comparedØ Welfare Analysis (measure the deadweight loss)
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