ECO精读 | Volume 05

go east, young founder“中漂”的年轻创业者

business ┃ 选自2,24 business

Chinese cities are competing to woo overseas entrepreneurs中国城市竞相吸引海外企业家投资

woo / wuː /vt. to try to get the support of sb争取 (支持、选票)；招揽；寻求entrepreneur/ ˌɔntrəprəˈnəː(r); NAmE ˌɑːn- / n. [C]

a person who makes money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks创业者,企业家(尤指涉及财务风险的)

• entrepreneurial / -ˈnəːriəl / adj.具有企业家素质的，富于企业家精神的，创业的

entrepreneurial skills/flair

办企业的能力/企业家才能

• entrepreneurship n. [U]企业家的身份（或活动）该词同义词为businessman/businesswoman，另有

enterprise n. [C]企业，公司，企业活动，n. [U]事业心，进取心，创业精神

1WHEN Maria Veikhman, founder of SCORISTA, a Russian credit-scoring（信用评分） startup, was considering expansion abroad, China immediately came to mind.

She believes the scope（n. [U]机会,施展余地）there is vast, for two-fifths of Chinese have no credit records.

Ms Veikhman settled in Tianfu Software Park, a state-owned（adj.国有的） incubator in Chengdu, capital of Sichuan province where city authorities（n. [C] usually pl.当局，官方）

“offer almost everything for free”. Complementary facilities range from office space, basic furniture and logistics （n. [U]后勤，物流）

services to detailed guidance on entrepreneurial methods.

第一段解析以俄罗斯创业公司SCORISTA创始人的一席话引出中国市场具有潜力，并且提到了成都市政府对海外创业者提供了极大的支持和优惠政策，暗合副标题，

中国城市正竞相吸引海外企业家投资。

incubator /'ɪŋkjʊbeɪtə/n. [C] 孵化器，培育器

A business incubator is a company that helps new and startup companies to develop by providing services such as management training or office space.

企业孵化器是指通过提供管理培训或办公空间等服务来帮助新公司和创业公司发展的公司。

incubate / ˈiŋkjubeit / vt. (of a bird 鸟) 孵(卵)；孵化credit records 信用纪录credit report 信用报告settle in/into sthto make a place your permanent home;to move into a new home, job, etc.

and start to feel comfortable there定居； 安顿下来；习惯于(新居)；适应(新工作):

Eg：How are the kids settling into their new school?孩子们在新学校习惯了吗？

Eg：She settled in Vienna after her father's death. 父亲死后,她就在维也纳定居了。

range from1. [range +adv. / prep.] range (from A to B)  包括(从…到…)之间的各类事物:

Eg：She has had a number of different jobs, ranging from chef to swimming instructor. 她做过许多不同的工作,从厨师到游泳教练。

Eg：The conversation ranged widely ( covered a lot of different topics).谈话所涉及的范围很广。

2. range from A to B | range between A and B (在一定的范围内)变化,变动:

Eg：range in size / length / price from A to B尺寸/长度/价格在 A 到 B 间变动

Eg：Accommodation ranges from tourist class to luxury hotels. 住宿条件从经济旅馆至豪华宾馆不等。

最后一句中用range from…to…短语写了数个并列的adj.+ n.

短语，从office space（办公空间）, basic furniture（基础的家具） and logistics services（物流服务） 到detailed guidance on entrepreneurial methods（关于创业方法的详细指导），

寥寥数语，体现出成都政府有关部门对foreign startups的重视，提供了许多帮助，几乎完全免费。

SCORISTA搜索为位于成都天府软件园的俄罗斯金融科技创业团队，大数据风控模型服务商，该团队凭借在数学建模、数据分析领域的优势，为中小微金融机构提供风险决策支持，帮助他们降低逾期、提高盈利。

part 1译文当俄罗斯信用评分初创公司SCORISTA的创始人玛丽亚•维赫曼(Maria Veikhman)考虑海外扩张时，她立即想到了中国。

她认为，中国市场很大，四成中国人没有信用记录。

维赫曼女士的公司落户在四川省会成都的国有孵化园区——天府软件园内，那里的市政府“几乎免费提供一切”。

那里配套设施齐全，有办公空间、基础家具、物流服务，还有详细的创业指导。

2Chengdu aims to catch up with Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen, which at present are in a different entrepreneurial league（n. [C]联盟，同盟）—together they have over a hundred unicorns, or private startups worth over $1bn.

The south-western city allocated 200m yuan ($30m) in 2016 to an innovation-and-startup fund for overseas founders, and hands out up to 1m yuan in cash to well-capitalised foreign startups and joint ventures.

If the founders are “top international talents”, such as Nobel laureates（/ ˈlɔriət; NAmE ˈlɔːr- / n. [C]荣誉获得者；获奖者）, the incentive （n. [C]/ [U] 奖励）soars to 100m yuan.

Last March Chengdu’s Hi-Tech Zone opened an office to provide startup services for expats, including corporate（adj.公司的，法人的） registrations.

Some 3,000 foreigners now work there, many operating （vt/vi.经营，营业）their own businesses.

第二段解析承接上段，继续叙述成都希望追赶北上深等，提供了创新创业基金及一系列相关政策吸引海外创业人才。

文中直接叙述具体金额， 2亿人民币划拨、100万甚至是1亿的奖金足体现出成都对海外创业者的重视。

unicorn n. [C]（传说中的）独角兽。

独角兽（unicorn）是西方神话中额前有一个螺旋角的神兽.

根据全球创业投资领域通行的说法,"独角兽公司"（unicorn companies）是指那些估值达到10亿美元以上的创业公司.

因其稀有、珍贵,能够跻身"独角兽俱乐部"成了全球无数创业者的梦想.

同理，decacorn（deca-构成名词，十）和hectocorn（hecto-构成名词，常用于计量单位，百）指估值超过100亿美元和1000亿美元的公司，称“十角兽”企业和“百角兽”企业。

expat 同expatriate / ˌeksˈpætriət; NAmE -ˈpeit- /1.n. [C]a person living in a country that is not their own居住在国外的人；侨民:
Eg：American expatriates in Paris 居住在巴黎的美国人
2.adj. [only before noun] :Eg：expatriate Britons in Spain 居住在西班牙的英国人 expatriate workers在国外工作的人catch up (with sb) (BrE also catch sb up)

1.     to reach sb who is ahead by going faster赶上,追上(某人):

2.     to reach the same level or standard as sb who was better or more advanced赶上,达到(某水平):

catch up with sb

3.     to finally start to cause problems for sb after they have managed to avoid this for some time产生(曾设法避免的)问题

Eg：She was terrified that one day her past problems would catch up with her.

她十分害怕过去的问题总有一天又会来困扰她。

4.     if the police or authorities catch up with sb, they find and punish them after some time终于查到某人头上:

Eg：The law caught up with him years later when he had moved to Spain.

多年后当他已移居西班牙时最终还是受到法律的制裁。

hand sth ↔ 'out (to sb) 原文意为分发（现金），与前文allocate…to…分拨…给… 意思相似，上下文改变用词增加了可读性。

1.to give a number of things to the members of a group分发某物（SYN distribute）Eg：Could you hand these books out, please? 请把这些书发给大家好吗？
2. to give advice, a punishment, etc.提出,给予(建议、惩罚等):

Eg：He's always handing out advice to people.

他总是喜欢教训人。

joint ventures n. [C]   (business 商) a business project or activity that is begun by ten or more companies, etc.

, which remain separate organizations合营企业；合资企业 part 2译文成都力图追赶北京、上海和深圳。

这些一线城市属于另一创业联盟，总计已经拥有上百家独角兽企业（价值超过十亿美元的初创企业）。

2016年，成都针对海外创业者设立了总额达2亿元人民币(3000万美元)的创新创业基金，并向资本充足的外国初创企业和合资企业发放最高可达100万元的现金。

如果创始人是“顶尖的国际人才”，如诺贝尔获奖者，那么该奖金就会飙升至1亿元。

去年3月，成都高新区开设了一个办事处，为外籍人士提供包括企业注册在内的创业服务。

现在大约有3000名外国人在那里工作，许多人经营着自己的企业。

3Other cities are making similar moves（n.行动，措施）.

Beijing and Zhejiang have opened well-funded centres for overseas entrepreneurs.

The authorities may be particularly keen on attracting venturesome（adj.大胆的，好冒险的）

“sea turtles（海归）”, meaning foreign-educated or foreign-born Chinese, but they help non-ethnic Chinese too.

Shanghai and Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, are planning new facilities for winners of international startup competitions held in China.

In at least ten provinces, new immigration policies are easing the visa process.

Foreigners graduating from Chinese universities can apply for two- to five-year residence permits （n.许可证（尤指限期的））

marked “startup”. If they meet certain criteria, expatriates working for young firms can apply for permanent residence.

In Zhongguancun, a tech hub（n. [C]中心，核心） in Beijing, 353 expatriates have been issued with “green cards（绿卡）” since 2016.

A state-owned incubator there, Zhongguancun Inno Way, in 2017 incubated 878 startups; 121 of them were founded by foreigners or by sea turtles.

第三段解析句首一句其他城市也不甘示弱推行着类似的举措，承上文对成都的描写，并带出本段对其他城市的描写，各大城市包括北京上海等均对海归等海外创业者青眼有加，发放绿卡，开办创业中心。

同时，最后一句对中关村的描写也可看出政府的大力支持也造就了海外企业欣欣向荣之势。

前三段从成都一家海外创业公司入手，通过对成都及各大城市的描写体现了海外创业企业的大好前景，此为“扬”，之后下文冷不防提出外国企业家面临的三大难关为“抑”，陡然转折则引人深思。

be keen on sb / sth / on doing sth (BrE, informal) liking sb / sth very much; very interested in sb / sth喜爱；(对…)着迷,有兴趣:Eg：She's not keen on being told what to do.

她不喜欢别人向她发号施令。

easing the visa process：简化签证流程

be issued with： sb be issued with sth| sth be issued (to sb)(officially) (正式)发给,供给

Eg：to issue passports / visas / tickets 发护照/签证/票

Eg：New members will be issued with a temporary identity card.

新成员将配发临时身份卡。

Eg：Work permits were issued to only 5% of those who applied for them.

工作许可证只发给了 5% 的申请人。

Zhongguancun Inno Way搜索中关村创业大街，位于我国创新创业资源最为密集的中关村核心区，是北京市、海淀区政府共同打造的我国第一条以创新创业为主题的特色街区，由北京海淀置业集团投资建设，中关村创业大街科技服务有限公司运营。

part 3译文其他城市也在开展类似的活动。

北京和浙江为海外企业家开设了资金充足的的创业中心。

政府可能特别热衷于吸引爱冒险的“海归”，即那些在海外留学或者在国外出生的中国人，但是，政府也同样乐意帮助非华裔的创业者。

上海和湖北省省会武汉正在为在中国举办的国际创业大赛的获胜者规划新设施。

在至少十个省份内，新的移民政策正在简化签证程序。

从中国大学毕业的外国人可以申请2-5年的印有“创业”标志的居留许可证。

如果那些为初创公司工作的外籍人士符合某些标准，他们可以申请永久居留权。

北京的科技中心中关村，自2016年以来，已有353位外籍人士取得了“绿卡”。

2017年，在中关村创业大街（一个国有孵化园区）新成立了878家创业公司，其中，有121家公司由外国人或者“海归”们创立。

4Three big hurdles still stand in the way of foreign entrepreneurs.

Despite cities’ efforts to smooth immigration, for many founders visas are still hard to come by.

Ms Veikhman has been refused a visa for months with little explanation, and has to shuttle between Moscow and Chengdu each month.

Tight internet control also cuts the efficiency of starting a business.

Overseas entrepreneurs must work hard to adapt to the internet environment inside the “great firewall” where Google, Twitter and many other services are blocked.

第四段解析尽管中国形势大好，然对外国企业家来说仍有三大难题摆在前，本段提出两个，包括签证的难以获得，中国对互联网的严格把控。

并举出Maria Veikhman的例子，她必须两头跑，这使创业效率大大降低。

hurdle / ˈhəːdl; NAmE ˈhəːrdl /n.

a problem or difficulty that must be solved or dealt with before you can achieve sth难关；障碍(SYN  obstacle ):Eg：The next hurdle will be getting her parents' agreement.

下一个难关是征得她父母的同意。

smooth immigration：联系上下文不难理解，smooth在是动词，意为消除…困难，解决…问题，这里意思是，消除移民困难。

▪ smooth sth ↔ away / out：to make problems or difficulties disappear消除(问题)；克服(困难)▪ smooth sth ↔ over：to make problems or difficulties seem less important or serious, especially by talking to people缓和；调解；斡旋:

Eg：She spoke to both sides in the dispute in an attempt to smooth things over.

她和争执双方谈话,试图进行调解。shuttle/ ˈʃʌtl / vi. [+adv. / prep.]1. vi. ~ (between A and B) to travel between two places frequently频繁往来(于甲地和乙地之间):

Eg：Her childhood was spent shuttling between her mother and father.

她的童年是在父母之间穿梭往来中度过的。

2. vt.

to carry people between two places that are close, making regular journeys between the two places(在较近的两地之间定时)往返运送:

Eg：A bus shuttles passengers back and forth from the station to the terminal.

一辆公共汽车在火车站和公共汽车终点站之间往返运送旅客。

cut the efficiency：efficiency 意为效率，动词通常搭配bring、enhance、improve、increase、promote或decrease、reduce、lose等，原文用cut the effiency，cut意为消减，降低，更为形象传神，表现出互联网管制对创业效率的极大限制和阻碍。

cut前also一词引出三大难关中第二关：互联网管制，体现出第一关：难以获得签证同样使创业效率大大降低。

stand in the/sb's way：preventing something from happening, prevent sb from doing 妨碍… ,挡着…的路come by：vt. obtain or find sth.弄到;得到

Eg：How did you come by that cheque?你是怎么弄到那张支票的？

Eg：In rural France, English language magazines are rather hard to come by.

在法国乡村，很难找到英语杂志。

great firewall：防火长城（英文名称Great Firewall of China，简写为Great Firewall，缩写GFW），也称中国防火墙或中国国家防火墙，指中华人民共和国政府在其管辖因特网内部建立的多套网络审查系统的总称，包括相关行政审查系统。

part 4译文然而，外国企业家（在华）发展仍面临三大难题。

首先，虽然很多城市在努力简化签证要求，但很多创业者仍然很难拿到签证。

维赫曼女士的签证已经长达数月没有获批，而且官方几乎没有任何解释，因此她不得不每个月往返于莫斯科和成都之间。

其次，中国对互联网的严格控制也降低了创业的效率。

海外的企业家必须努力适应“长城防火墙”内的互联网环境，谷歌、Twitter和许多其他服务都被屏蔽。

5Notwithstanding the cash on offer from Chengdu and other cities, raising proper finance also remains problematic（adj.造成困难的，产生问题的）.

Capital（n. sing.资本，资金） controls make it difficult for venture-capital（风险资本） firms that use yuan to invest in foreign entities（n. [C]独立存在物，实体）; they usually have to enter a joint venture with a Chinese citizen. Local investors tend to prefer backing fully Chinese enterprises.

第五段解析本段提出了第三个难题，筹措资金的问题。上一段的despite和本段开头notwithstanding都表现了成都和其他政府提供了一些帮助，但这些帮助仍旧没有解决这三个难关。notwithstanding/ ˌnɔtwiθˈstændiŋ; -wið-; NAmE ˌnɑːt- /

1.        prep.   (formal) (亦用于其所指名词之后) without being affected by sth; despite sth虽然；尽管:

Eg：Notwithstanding some major financial problems, the school has had a successful year.

虽然有些重大的经费问题,这所学校一年来还是很成功。

Eg：The bad weather notwithstanding, the event was a great success.

尽管天气恶劣,活动还是取得了巨大的成功。

2.         adverb   (formal) despite this尽管如此（SYN  however , nevertheless

Eg：Notwithstanding, the problem is a significant one.

然而,这个问题仍很重要。

on offer

1. that can be bought, used, etc.提供的；可买到；可使用:Eg： Prizes worth more than £20 000 are on offer.

优胜者奖品总值逾 20 000 英镑。

2. (especially BrE) on sale at a lower price than normal for a short period of time短期内打折销售；削价出售:

Eg：Italian wines are on (special) offer this week.意大利葡萄酒本周特价销售。

part 5译文虽然成都和其他城市提供了现金资助，但融资依是问题。

资本管制导致风投公司难以用人民币投资纯粹的外国企业，外国企业一般需要得与中国公民组成合资企业。

当地投资者则更倾向于支持地地道道的中国企业。

6Yet the country’s other attractions are potent（adj.强大的，强有力的）.

“Even a niche market in China is a huge one,” says Greig Charlton, a former British banker who has run 247tickets.com, a ticket-purchase website, in Shanghai since 2014.

Thanks to the promise（n. [U]（成功的）迹象） of online ticket-booking in China, a relatively inexperienced entrepreneur like Mr Charlton has the opportunity to work with some of the world’s biggest concert-promoters.

第六段解析在前两段写三大难关阻碍重重之后，本段开头yet转折，尽管有许多困难，但是中国仍然有巨大的吸引力，并引Greig的例子体现中国具有强大的市场。

“抑” 在前，本段可谓再“扬”，一波三折可以看出作者以及广大投资者对中国市场前景的信心。

这三段中转折词，递进词用的尤为传神，从三大难关“still”仍然在阻碍，用“despite”“also”和“notwithstanding”阐述了尽管政府采取了促进移民进程，提供资金等政策，仍然存在三个难关。

本段开头再次转折，尽管有三个阻碍，yet然而中国仍有强大的吸引力。Even：

used to introduce a more exact description of sb / sth (引出更精确的说法)甚至可以说,其实,实际上:niche/ niːʃ; nitʃ; NAmE nitʃ; niːʃ / n.

1. (business 商) an opportunity to sell a particular product to a particular group of people(产品的)商机；市场定位:

Eg：They spotted a niche in the market, with no serious competition.他们看到市场上一个竞争不激烈的商机。

2. a comfortable or suitable role, job, way of life, etc.舒适或称心的工作(或生活等):

Eg：He eventually found his niche in sports journalism.最后他在体育新闻界找到了理想的工作。

part 6译文然而，中国却具有其它更强大的吸引力。

英国前银行家格雷格·查尔顿（Greig Charlton）2014年起在上海经营票务网站247tickets.com，他说，“在中国，小众市场的规模也十分庞大。

”因为线上票务在中国的可观前景，像查尔顿这样相对缺乏经验的企业家也有机会跟世界上一些最大的艺术演出赞助人合作。

7A deep pool of talent is another lure（usually sing. 吸引力）—the reason why, for example, App Annie, a market data and insights provider co-founded by a group of European entrepreneurs in Beijing, maintained its R&D centre in Beijing even after it shifted its headquarters（（单数集合名词，形式为复数，可+sing/pl.v.）总部，总公司） to San Francisco.

When Stuart Oda, a Japanese entrepreneur, co-founded Alesca Life, a Beijing-based agricultural-technology company, he found young Chinese executives（n.[C]经理，主管人员） far more willing to take a risk with a startup than Japanese ones were.

第七段解析中国的吸引力除了强大的市场以外，还有充足的人才储备，本段连举两个例子，再次体现出中国对海外创业者强大的吸引力。

pool：n.[C]~ (of sth) a group of people available for work when needed(统称)备用人员:

Eg：a pool of cheap labour 廉价后备劳力

find…far more willing to：find在这里意思是认为，感到，对…有看法，用法为find+ n. +adj. willing是adj. be willing to do 愿意，乐意做，far修饰形容词比较级，形容非常，很大程度上。

take a risk | take risks：to do sth even though you know that sth bad could happen as a result冒险(做某事):Eg：You have no right to take risks with other people's lives.

你没有权力拿别人的生命去冒险。

part 7译文拥有充足的人才库是中国的另一个吸引力。

例如，就因为这个原因，App Annie这个由欧洲企业家在北京共同创立的提供市场数据和商业观察的公司，甚至在其北京总部迁至旧金山后，依然维持着它在北京的研发中心。

当日本企业家Stuart Oda在北京联合创立农业技术公司Alesca Life时，他发现，跟日本人相比，中国的年轻高管更愿意和创业企业一起承担风险。

8Low labour costs as well as preferential（adj.优先的，优惠的） land and taxation policies also help startups.

In the internet realm prominent（adj.重要的，著名的）examples of those founded by foreigners in China are Qunar.com, a popular travel portal（n.[C]门户网站）, and Tudou.com, which merged with Youku, another startup, in 2012 to become China’s biggest video-streaming（视频流，指视频数据的传输） platform. Qunar.com was co-founded by Fritz Demopoulos, an American. A Dutch serial（adj.连续的，多次的） entrepreneur, Marc van der Chijs, co-founded Tudou.com.

第八段解析6、7、8三段在4、5段提出三个难题后，又针锋相对的提出了中国一系列的吸引力，包括本段提出的劳动力、地价和税收等一系列政策，从而也解释了为何在有这些阻碍后，中国的海外创业市场依旧蓬勃而上，与1、2段里描写的情形呼应。

A merge (with / into) B | merge A with B | merge A and B (together)to combine or make two or more things combine to form a single thing (使)合并,结合,并入:

Eg：His department will merge with mine.

他的部门将和我的合并。

Eg：The villages expanded and merged into one large town.

这些村庄扩大了并且结合成了一个大集镇。

part 8译文低廉的劳动力成本、优惠地价和税收政策也都有利于新兴企业。

在互联网领域里，外国人在中国创业的显著例子有颇受欢迎的旅游门户网站——去哪儿网Qunar.

com，还有2012年与另一家初创公司优酷（Youku）合并的土豆网，合并后成为中国最大的视频流媒体平台。

去哪儿网的创始人之一是美国的弗里茨·戴姆波洛斯（Fritz Demopoulos）。

土豆网的创始人之一是荷兰的连续创业者马克·凡·德·奇斯（Marc van der Chijs）。

9What explains the warmth（n.热情） towards overseas entrepreneurs? Lin Tao, a senior official of Chengdu’s hi-tech zone, gives a simple answer.

Chengdu wants to turn itself into a cosmopolitan city like New York and London by 2025, and “the gathering of global talents is a precondition（+for/of sth …的先决条件）”, he says. Another entrepreneurial type, Steven Tong, chief executive of Startupbootcamp China, cites the government’s desire to develop cutting-edge technologies.

It also wants to promote a favourable view of China, he notes, and that is far easier to achieve with startups than with established multinational companies.

第九段解析第一句问如何解释海外创业者的热情，其实之前的6、7、8已经给出答案，其中原因大多是本国情况。

可以说这段是从为什么政府鼓励并吸引海外投资方面作答，城市需要发展，国家需要科技，同时也需要增进本国在国际的友好度，故而不难得出，天时（政府及政策鼓励）、地利（市场潜力）、人和（人才及劳动力）共同促进了中国的海外创业者的热情。

cosmopolitan/ ˌkɔzməˈpɔlitən; NAmE ˌkɑːzməˈpɑːl- /1.adj. containing people of different types or from different countries, and influenced by their culture世界性的；全球各国的；有各国人的；受各国文化影响的:Eg：a cosmopolitan city / resort 国际性的都市/度假胜地Eg：The club has a cosmopolitan atmosphere.

这个俱乐部具有世界文化的气氛

2.adj. having or showing a wide experience of people and things from many different countries接触过许多国家的人(或事物)的；见过世面的；见识广的:

Eg：people with a truly cosmopolitan outlook 真正具有世界眼光的人

Eg：cosmopolitan young people 见多识广的年轻人

3.n.a person who has experience of many different parts of the world周游世界的人:

Eg：She's a real cosmopolitan.

她是个真正的世界主义者。

Startupbootcamp is a network of industry-focused startup accelerators.

cite和note在文中都是指出，提到的意思。

cutting-edge adj. 尖端的，高端的，最前沿的

cutting edge  n. [sing.]

1. the ~ (of sth) the newest, most advanced stage in the development of sth(处于某事物发展的)尖端,最前沿,领先阶段:

Eg：working at the cutting edge of computer technology在计算机技术的最前端工作

2. an aspect of sth that gives it an advantage有利方面；优势:

Eg：We're relying on him to give the team a cutting edge.

我们指望他给这个队带来优势。

用法总结使用连字符的复合形容词作定语第二段及第三段的四个短语均是两个形容词加连字符：well-capitalised（capitalise为…提供资金）和well-funded（fund提供资金，拨款）都是资金丰厚的意思；foreign-educated 和foreign-born 分别意

为在国外受教育的和在国外出生的，这四个短语连字符后半部分都是动词过去式作形容词，这四个短语都是复合形容词作定语修饰后方名词。

non-  和co-都是前缀（prefix）non- (in nouns, adjectives and adverbs 构成名词、形容词和副词) not无；没有:

如文中第三段non-ethnic Chinese，意为不属于其他种族的中国人，即土生土长的中国人，其他还有non-fiction 纪实文学 non-profit-making 非营利性的 non-committally 含糊其词 等等。

同样co-(in nouns, adjectives，adverbs and verbs构成名词、形容词、副词和动词)together with和…一起，共同，联合。

第七段co-founded v.共同创立用法总结由名词加形容词构成的复合形容词原文第一段的a Russian credit-scoring startup，credit在这里意为信誉，信用，scoring得分，打分。

这里意为一家俄罗斯信用评分公司。以及第一段的state-owned意为国有的。