牛津剑桥学生一半以上来自8所中学，英国高校如何应对阶层固化？ | 双语阅读

教育研究机构SuttonTrust的一份报告，揭示了英国牛津大学和剑桥大学的招生“偏好”。英国上千所学校中，有8所顶尖高中为牛剑输送了一半以上的新生。精英教育和阶层固化，是否会损害到教育公平？这对中国高校的教育发展又有何启示呢？

Photo credit: Getty Images

1A study examined Oxford and Cambridge admissions data between 2015 and 2017 and found a handful of schools, mostly private, disproportionately dominating the number of places awarded.

一项研究调查了牛津大学和剑桥大学2015到2017年的录取数据，发现少量学校，主要是私立校，占据了不成比例的大量录取名额。

Over a three-year period the eight leading schools – which are mainly in the independent sector – sent 1,310 of their students to Oxbridge, while 2,900 schools, each with two or fewer acceptances, sent 1,220 pupils in total. The figures also highlighted vast geographical discrepancies in acceptance rates.

三年的时间里，这八所顶尖的学校——大多数是私立校——向牛津、剑桥输送了1310名学生；而其他2900所学校一共输送了1220名学生，其中每个学校录取人数都不多于两名。这些数据也显示了录取率上存在的巨大的地域差异。

The report shows the imbalance in admissions:

7% of all UK pupils attend private schools； 18% of those taking A-levels are at private school；34% of Oxbridge applications are from private school； 42% of Oxbridge places go to private school pupils.

这个报告展现了录取的不平衡：7%的英国学生进入私立学校；18%参加A-level考试的学生就读于私立学校；申请牛剑的学生中，34%来自私立学校；牛剑录取的学生中，42%是私立校学生。

In its report, the charity highlighted practices at some of these schools, which are giving students a leg up on their peers. At Eton, where pupils have access to a dedicated universities officer and the school’s own internal higher education guide, between 60 and 100 boys are sent to Oxford or Cambridge each year.

在报告中，调查机构着重强调了这些学校采取了何种举措，以助学生一臂之力。在伊顿公学，学生们有机会见到大学的专职人员，也有机会获得学校内部高等教育的指导。每年，他们当中有60到100个男生会被送到牛津或者剑桥。

2Natalie Perera, head of research at think tank the Education Policy Institute, criticised top universities over the findings, calling on them to do more to tackle “inequality of access”.

智库教育政策研究所的研究负责人Natalie Perera基于这些发现，批评了这些顶尖大学，呼吁他们做出更多努力来解决“机会不平等”。

“Today’s report confirms that the most elite universities, particularly Oxbridge, need to do far more to attract and admit students from disadvantaged backgrounds,” she said.

“如今的报告证明，这些最精英的大学，尤其是牛剑，在吸引和录取来自劣势背景的学生方面需要做的太多了。”

“Even when you take exam results into account, these students are still under-represented. We know that the type of university and qualification can make a difference to earnings later in life – so tackling this inequality of access is vital.”

“就算加上考试成绩这个因素，这些学生也没有得到充分代表。我们知道，大学和学历的类型对往后人生的收入有很大影响——所以解决这种机会不平等是非常重要的。”

Education secretary Damian Hinds called on universities to work with the government to help make access to higher education easier for students from a wider range of backgrounds. “Whilst potential and talent is evenly spread, the opportunities to make the most of it sometimes aren’t,” Mr Hinds said.

教育大臣达米安·海因兹呼吁高校与政府一道，让来自更广泛背景的学生更容易接受到高等教育。“虽然潜力和才能是平均分布的，但能让这些才能最大化的机会却是不平等的。”海因兹表示。

Photo credit: Getty Images

3Oxford runs summer schools to encourage more disadvantaged students to apply - and the university says there are plans to attract more students from places where it had recruited few students in the past.

牛津开设暑校并鼓励更多背景不占优势的同学来申请。并且，该校表示，还有一些计划来吸引来自以往录取较少的地区的学生。

The university says it spends £7m per year on outreach schemes and is promising a new "detailed action plan" with changes to make sure there are places for students of "outstanding potential from all backgrounds".

该校表示，学校每年在外展项目上花700万英镑，并承诺将出台一个新的“详细行动计划”，其中包括一些变化，来保证“来自任何背景的、杰出的、有潜力的”学生能被录取。